The Roman Republic:

History of Rome The Kingdom of Rome The Republic The Roman Empire Fall of Roman Empire

The Roman Republic 510 B.C.E. ~ 44 B.C.E.

Republic A system of government in which officials are elected by the citizens

Patricians Plebeians wealthy and powerful land owners workers, farmers, artisans, and merchants

Slaves

Rome’s Republican Government : Roman laws and justice were Rome’s greatest contribution to western civilization

Senate Consuls draw up, explain, and carry out the laws 300 men who served for life. Advised government officials and proposed laws. veto Checks and Balances 3 Branches of Government Rome’s Republican Government : Tribunes Protect plebeian interests Assemblies Voice of the people

Article II: President, Article 1: Congress, Article III: Interprets the laws Separation of Powers: Makes the laws Legislative Branch Executive Branch Enforces the laws Judicial Branch Supreme Court, Checks and Balances The structure of Roman government, with its consuls, Assemblies, and Senate, is similar to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the United States

Law Roman laws and justice were Rome’s greatest contribution to western civilization All persons are equal under the law A person is considered innocent until proven guilty The burden of proof rests with the accuser rather than the accused Unfair or unreasonable laws can be set aside. The structure of Roman government, with its consuls, Assemblies, and Senate, is similar to the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the United States

Roman Forum

The Twelve Tables: written code of laws Displayed in the Forum so everyone would know what the laws were.

100 B.C.E. Spain North Africa Greece Middle East Egypt

Fall of the Roman Republic Rich / Poor Rich Lazy Poor Taxed Draft Ended Generals recruit their own soldiers

Second Century B.C.E

Julius CaesarMarches into Rome

Romans were tired of civil wars, political unrest, and poor economic conditions. Caesar Pompey Crassus First Triumvirate 60 B.C.E.

44 B.C.E. Dictator for life

March 15, 44B.C.E

Augustus Roman Empire 27 B.C.E.

200 years of peace Pax Romana= Roman Peace

Rise of Christianity Palestine

As the Christian beliefs grew in popularity, the leaders of the Roman Empire became nervous. Christians refused to worship the Roman emperor as a god or join the Roman army. Persecution of Christians to treat a person or group harshly and unjustly persecute

Thousands of Christians became martyrs— people who chose to die rather than give up their beliefs Christianity grows and spreads Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire 120 C.E.

Roman Government Established a common market for Europe Rome Provided the security and protection Coinage system Legal system

The Roman Military

The Roman army was one of the finest fighting machines the world has ever known. Beginning as a group of citizen soldiers who provided their own arms and defended the early city of Rome in times of emergency, the Roman army grew to become one of the largest professional fighting forces the world had ever seen. In later years, the enormous bureaucracy that governed and supplied the Roman army would grow to rival those of modern days. The legion was the largest unit in the Roman Army. Originally, a legion consisted of from 5000 to 5500 men, but seldom was a legion ever at its full strength. More often, a legion consisted of 4000 to 4800 combat ready troops.

Roman Catapult

The Roman Empire Began to Decline Roman Empire Divided ConstantinopleRome Byzantine Empire 380 C.E. Christianity is official religion

Decline of morals Contrast between rich / poor Apathy for government Foreigners High taxes Poor farming Slaves taking jobs Bad emperors Civil wars Common people had no voice in government Empire split Barbarian invasions Soldiers loyal to generals not the state Strong generals ignored the government Decline of patriotism Invasion from north by Huns and by south from Vandals

Roman Contributions to Civilization In art, literature, and philosophy, the Romans borrowed from and copied the Greeks The Roman Empire was responsible form transmitting aspects Of Greek civilization to western Europe In the area of engineering, law, and administration, the Romans were leaders

Engineering and Architecture roads bridges aqueducts

baths Colosseum

The Roman Colosseum took ten years to build and seated approximately 50,000 people. Seating was divided into poor and wealthy. There were 80 entrances at the base of the building. The Colosseum was the largest building of its kind, in the ancient world. It was built so tightly that its arena could be filled with water for Mock Navel Battles. The walls were 160 ft. tall. To commemorate its opening in 80 C.E. a hundred days of festivities were held which saw the deaths of 9000 wild animals and 2000 gladiators. Usually the entertainment started early in the morning and lasted all day long. Mornings were for the animal shows. Tigers, lions, bears, elephants, and giraffes from other parts of the empire were released in to the arena, to fight to the death. The afternoon entertainment gladiators would fight one another or other animals. Most gladiators were slaves, prisoners of war, or criminals.

Science and Mathematics Ptolemy Earth was the center of the universe and the sun revolved around Earth

Language The language of the Romans, Latin, is the basis of many modern languages, including Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian. English has many words which came from Latin, as well. Roman numerals