Learning Objectives: 1. To be able to name 6 performance enhancing drugs. 2. To be able to discuss the advantages and negative side effects of each drug.

 A hormone that controls red blood cell production  Improves VO 2 max (in a similar way to altitude training) and therefore improves performance during endurance events  Increased percentage of red blood cells causes blood to become more viscous placing strain on the heart and lead to heart failure.

 A hormone that increases protein use and muscle cell production  Increases the synthesis of protein within cells, particularly muscle cells, resulting in a build up of muscle tissue. Reduce recovery time by inhibiting the action of other hormones which breakdown muscles. Increases strength and allows for longer and more frequent training sessions.  Can lead to a number of side effects including liver and kidney tumours, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increased cholesterol, greater danger of blood clots, risk of tendon injuries and severve acne. In females adverse effects include: menstrual abnormalities, deepening of voice, baldness and body hair. Young users risk permanently halting growth.

 Naturally occurring hormone that regulates growth and also the turnover of muscle, bone, and the regulation of fat metabolism  Increases muscle mass and aids the repair of bones, ligaments and tendons leading to enhanced performance in sprinting and other explosive activities.  Side effects include minor to chronic joint pain, joint swelling, fluid retention, high blood pressure, abnormal bone and cartilage growth, irregular heart rhythms, and increased risk of diabetes.

 A drug that blocks the release of chemicals, such as adrenaline, thereby causing the heart rate to stay low and helping the performer stay calm  Block the action of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Cause arteries to widen, lower blood pressure, reduce tension and have an overall calming effect.  Side effects include cold hands and feet, tiredness and sleep disturbance.

 A drug which increases urine production and output  Increase urine output allowing an athlete to compete at a lower weight class and can also ‘mask’ the appearance of other illegal drugs.  Adverse side effects include dehydration, decreased ability to regulate body temperature, potassium deficiency, heart arrhythmias, muscle cramps and exhaustion.

 Drugs (including amphetamines and caffeine) which increase the activity of the central and sympathetic nervous system  Stimulate the nervous system leading to increased mental alertness and decreased fatigue.  Can cause nervousness and irritability, making it hard to concentrate and causing tiredness from lack of sleep. Can lead to addiction.