UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN CONCEPTS FOR THE UPCOMING TEST

Organelle Function Location Chloroplasts Produces food energy from light Cytoplasm (Plant Cells Only) Vacuole Storage area for water and waste Cytoplasm Mitochondria Power SourceCytoplasm Nucleus Brain of the CellInside the nuclear membrane Lysosome Cleans up cell and organelles cytoplasm Cell Wall To give the cell rigidity and shape Located outside of the plant cell Ribosome Makes proteins for the cellCytoplasm

 Robert Hooke (1665) – first person to use the word cell to describe the basic unit of living things.  Studied corks under a simple microscope and noticed it appeared to be made up of tiny little boxes.  Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1840) – first person to observe living cells.  Used a modern, or compound microscope to observe cells.

 All living things are composed of cells.  Cells are the basis unit of all life functions and structure.  All Cells come from other cells.  Does not explain where the first cells came from.  Does not explain viruses.

Prokaryote VERY SMALL Size Eukaryote Larger Cell BACTERIA/ SINGLE CELL lifeforms FUNGI, PROTIST, ANIMALS SINGLED CELL AND MULTI CELLULAR None organelles yes Yes capsule None Yes Cell wall Plant Cells Only

 Prokaryotic Cells – Cells that do not contain a nucleus.  Example: Bacteria Cells  Eukaryotic Cells – Cells that do contain a nucleus.  Example: Plant Cells, Animal Cells, Protists and Fungi

 A process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugar), oxygen and water.  Sunlight “captured” by chloroplasts.  Water taken in by roots of plant  Carbon Dioxide taken in by leaf  Energy then used to combine Hydrogen with Carbon Dioxide to create Glucose.  Chemical Equation  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

 The process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and changed into ATP.  Mitochondria “convert” glucose into USABLE energy form  Carbon Dioxide and Water are created as waste products  Energy needed to sustain life:  70% = organ function  10%= digestion of food  20% = used in activity or stored as fat  Chemical Formula  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO H 2 O

 Active Transport – the movement of molecules across a cell membrane that require the use of energy.  Examples: Photosynthesis; Cellular Respiration  Passive Transport: the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a cell membrane that does not require the use of energy.  Examples: Osmosis; Diffusion

 Movement of water across a cell membrane  Moves from high concentration to low concentration  An area where there is more water to an area where there is less water.  REQUIRES NO ENERGY; PASSIVE TRANSPORT

 Movement of gas across a cell membrane.  Gases moves from high concentration to low concentration Example: Balloon deflating over time.  PASSIVE TRANSPORT; NO ENERGY REQUIRED

 Mitosis – the process by which all cells, except gametes (sex cells), separate into two identical copies.  Interphase – cell prepares itself for cell division. Not apart of Mitosis.  Prophase- nucleus disappears; chromosomes appear.  Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle  Anaphase- chromosomes split apart  Telophase- cytokinesis begins, nucleus reforms, chromosomes disappear  Cytokinesis – the cytoplasm of the single cell is divided to form two daughter cells.

Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: Spindle fibers Centrioles

Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from:

Animal CellPlant Cell Photographs from:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from:

Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.

Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Plant Mitosis -- Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

I Interphase P Prophase M Metaphase A Anaphase T Telophase C Cytokinesis IPMATC

 Asexual Reproduction: The production of a new organism from one parent.  Offspring are an identical copy of the parent.  Single-celled organisms reproduce asexually. Examples: Bacteria, Amoebas  Sexual Reproduction: the production of a new organism from two parents, a male and a female.  Specialized cells, known as gametes, are used for sexual reprodution. Examples: Egg Cells, Sperm Cells  Gametes are the only cells in the body that go through the process of Meiosis.

 Meiosis: produces the gametes (Sperm/Egg Cells) used for sexual reproduction.  Process only occurs in these cells because they are the only cells in each human body that contains 23 chromosomes.  Final Product of Meiosis  Four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent.

 Three basic food molecules…  Carbohydrates- sugars, plant products and quick energy providers for animals. Starches: Excess starches are broken down and stored as fats in the body. Examples: Breads, Grains, Rice Sugars: Provides the quickest burst of energy to your body. Natural sugars, NOT CANDY. Examples: Apples, Peaches, Bananas  Proteins- amino acids used to promote tissue growth and repair: Examples: meats, eggs, beans  Lipids (Oils/Fats)- storage of excess energy Examples: Oil – Liquid Form; Fats – Solid Form

 Carbohydrates- give you a quick energy boost  Excess Carbohydrates turned into fat.  Proteins - longer to digest, makes you feel full longer, repairs/rebuilds muscle.  Fats - easily stored away as fat, overides body’s sense of being full making you crave more.