Decolonization Review. Similarities  Failure of nationalist movements to build mass support  Role of political concessions  Role of government massacre.

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Presentation transcript:

Decolonization Review

Similarities  Failure of nationalist movements to build mass support  Role of political concessions  Role of government massacre  Colonizers’ use of soldiers & resources during WWI & WWII foster independence movements  WWI & WWII: aid growth of industry  French colonies – tended to be more violent

India  Amritsar Massacre  Gandhi during interwar years  Added religious component  Pioneered civil disobedience  Nationalism amidst diversity sparked counter Muslim League  Partition  Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth  Nehru – attempted to balance democracy & socialist economic policies  Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues

Ghana  Later nationalism  Often led by veterans  Racial dynamic  Kwame Nkrumah  Personalist, populist leader  Industrialization & development undermined by volatility of export markets

Algeria  Complicated by white settlers  Guerilla campaign & violent French response  Settlers leave

Vietnam  Very similar to China  Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully during interwar years, which led to interest in communism  Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement  Northern Communists eventually victorious, which unifies Vietnam under communism

South Africa  Gained independence in 1910, but with minority, white/settler rule  Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full apartheid legislation passed  Extreme segregation – “homelands”  ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance  Sharpesville Massacre, Soweto riots  International pressure results in apartheid ending in Mandela elected.

Latin America  Neo-Colonialism  Economic growth at close of 19 th c, but based on raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence  Follows global trends  Mexico  Revolution toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party democracy (PRI) result  Interwar Years = extreme ideas  Early Cold War: Communism  Guatemala  Cuba – economic problems, social gains  Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy