Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by a mutuation – a change in the DNA that affects genetic information A single amino acid is substituted in the hemogloblin molecule Red blood cells to clump together throughout the body leading to weakness, pain, organ damage and even paralysis

Silent Point Mutation

FRAMESHIFT MUTATION – INSERTION OR DELETION OF A NUCLEOTIDE THAT CHANGES THE GROUPINGS OF THE CODONS THAT FOLLOW RESULTING IN A NONFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN

Chromosomal Mutations Types: deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation Changes structure of a chromosome and its genes, resulting in abnormalities such as Down’s Syndrome, Prader Willi Syndrome

Himalayan Rabbit Experiment Showed that gene expression in an organism could be modified by interactions in the environment Procedure: Fur plucked from a patch on the back and a pack and an ice pack was applied the area New fur that grew under the artificially low temperature is black The enzyme encoded by the gene is active only at low temperatures