CHAPTER 19 AN AGE OF EXPLORATIONS & ISOLATION SECTION 1 EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

The Spanish had been fighting the “Reconquista” for 781 years… This was a war to take back the land of Spain from the Muslims who invaded in 711 AD This ended in what famous year in Spanish history???

1492

The Reconquista So with Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain united, they completed this 781 year war… Needless to say, they needed??? GOLD

Therefore… Since the Spaniards were fighting this 781 year war, they did not take the lead in the “Age of Exploration” Another country on the Iberian Peninsula did…

PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY… One of the reasons why Portugal leads the way was Prince Henry the Navigator Included in his achievements were: Founding a Navigation school, Supporting Exploration through funding The belief in getting himself and the country richer Spreading Christianity Setting up a trading network for even more riches

God Glory and Gold Stories of early explorers, like Marco Polo getting to China in 1275, told of great riches… Since Europe was at war for most of the 1300’s, exploration was not an interest However, in the 1400’s, it was an interest again and now the Europeans also had the technology to make this very profitable

So why would these Europeans leave? GOD GLORY GOLD

So why would these Europeans leave? EUROPEANS HAVE A CHANCE EXPLORE SPICES SUCH AS CINNAMON, SAFRON, PEPPER, ETC WERE WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD DESIRE TO BE RICH, SPREAD CHRISTIANITY, & ADVANCES IN SAILING AFTER BRINGING THESE SPICES BACK, MERCHANTS WERE ABLE TO SELL SPICES AT HIGH PRICES

WHY SPREAD CHRISTIANITY? EUROPEANS BELIEVED SACRED DUTY WAS TO CONVERT NON-CHRISTIANS.

Bartolomeu Dias Early Portuguese Explorer While he is known for reaching the Horn of Africa he said his motive was: “To Serve God and His majesty to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do”

NOW HOW WAS THIS POSSIBLE? “New” TECHNOLOGY These New Technologies included: SHIPS SUCH AS THE CARAVEL. IMPROVED SAILING TECHNIQUES. STURDIER, TRIANGULAR SAILS TO SAIL INTO THE WIND NAVIGATIONTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES (ASTROLABE, COMPASS, CHIP LOG, ETC).

VASCO DA GAMA 1497, EXPLORED EAST COAST OF AFRICA AND THEN PORT OF CALICUT (SW SHORE OF INDIA), RETURNED HOME WITH CARGO 60 TIMES COST OF VOYAGE.

SPAIN ALSO MAKES CLAIMS CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 1492- REACHED A CARIBBEAN ISLAND MISTAKENLY THOUGHT IT WAS EAST INDIES. OPENED THE WAY FOR COLONIZATION IN AMERICA.

TENSION BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL WHEN COLUMBUS IS BELIEVED TO HAVE REACHED ASIA, PORTUGAL & SPAIN HAD MAJOR TENSION AS THEY BATTLE FOR LAND THE PORTUGUESE ARGUE COLUMBUS IS CLAIMING LAND THAT WAS ALREADY THEIRS THE TWO COUNTRIES COME TO THE VERGE OF WAR, BUT POPE ALEXANDER VI INTERVENES.

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS THE POPE SUGGESTS A “LINE OF DEMARCATION” A MADE UP BORDERLINE - WEST OF LINE WOULD BE SPAIN’S, EAST OF LINE WOULD BE PORTUGAL’S 1494-BOTH COUNTRIES AGREE TO HONOR THE LINE

TRADING EMPIRES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN PORTUGAL THE PORTUGUESE TAKE TRADING CITIES IN CHINA (MACAU), INDIA (GOA), AND MALAYSIA (MALACCA STRAIT) DOMINATED TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN, PERSIAN GULF, ARABIAN SEA, INDIA & ASIA WHY ARE THEY DETERMINED TO PREVENT MUSLIMS FROM CONTINUING THEIR SPICE TRADE?

Portuguese Success! The Portuguese break the Italian-Muslim monopoly They brought goods back to Europe which now cost Europeans 1/5th of the previous cost As a result of the cheaper cost, demand goes up even more for these Eastern goods. Portugal’s Asian success brought competitors and new explorers through Asia.

42,000 MILES Ferdinand Magellan Born in modern day Portugal, he served the King of Spain Very simply put, he was the man who put together the first expedition that would circumnavigate the world

And Now… Competitors… BY 1620, THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY HAVE LARGEST FLEET IN WORLD. EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE A COMPANY, THEY WERE: WEALTHY MADE TREATIES, RAISED ARMIES & ESTABLISHED THEIR DOMINANCE IN REGION THEY DRIVE THE PORTUGUESE OUT OF INDONESIA THE DUTCH (A.K.A. NETHERLANDS) CHALLENGE THE DUTCH FORM THE DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, WHICH IS FINANCED BY WORLDWIDE INVESTORS

DUTCH TRADE OUTPOSTS SEIZED CONTROL OF MANY PORTUGUESE AREAS INCLUDING CONTROL OF INDIAN OCEAN. BY 1700 THEY RULED INDONESIA & HAD MANY TRADING POSTS IN ASIA. ALSO CONTROLLED CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ON SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA WHICH WAS A MAJOR RESUPPLY STOP

British and French Outposts By the 1700’s Great Britain started the English East India Company The French East India Company faced too many attacks from the Dutch and was never that successful

CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS SECTION 2 CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS

CHINA UNDER THE POWERFUL MING DYNASTY HONGWU DOMINATED POWER IN ASIA (1368-1644). COUNTRIES PAID TRIBUTE TO THE MING, & EXPECTED EUROPEANS TO DO THE SAME. 1ST MING EMPEROR, CREATED MANY REFORMS TO PROMOTE POWER & PROSPERITY, SEEN AS A TYRANT

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF CHINA CHINA REMAINED ISOLATED EVEN THOUGH DEMAND OF SILK & CERAMIC SKY ROCKETED. OPPOSED EUROPEAN & CHRISTIAN PRESENCE

MANCHUS FOUND THE QING DYNASTY PEOPLE OF MANCHURIA INVADED CHINA & MING DYNASTY FALLS TOOK CHINESE NAME FOR THEIR DYNASTY- QING LASTED 260 YEARS EXPANDED BORDER TO INCLUDE TAIWAN, CHINESE CENTRAL ASIA, MONGOLIA, & TIBET

CHINA UNDER THE QING KANGXI FIRST RESISTED WHY? SLOWLY EARNED RESPECT BY UPHOLDING CONFUCIAN BELIEFS & STRUCTURE EMPEROR IN 1661 RULED FOR 60 YEARS, REDUCED GOV. EXPENSES & LOWERED TAXES

QIAN-LONG CHINA’S RESTRICTIONS GRANDSON OF KANGXI, RULED FROM 1736-1795, REACHED GREATEST PROSPERITY, WORKED ON EMPIRE’S PROBLEMS IF COUNTRIES WANTED TO TRADE WITH CHINA THEY WOULD HAVE TO FOLLOW RULES & PAY A TRIBUTE.

KOREA PAID CHINESE TRIBUTE & ADOPTED MANY WAYS OF CHINA’S BELIEFS GAINED STRONG SENSE OF NATIONALISM AND AWAY FROM CHINA ESPECIALLY SEEN IN THEIR ART.

LIFE IN MING & QING CHINA FAMILY LIFE FAMILIES FARMED NEW FOOD, NUTRITION IMPROVED & FAMILIES EXPANDED SONS FAVORED, ONLY ALLOWED TO PERFORM VITAL RELIGIOUS RITUALS RAISE OWN FAMILY UNDER PARENTS ROOF WHY?

WIVES RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDED FEMALES NOT VALUED WIVES RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDED WORKING IN THE FIELDS, SUPERVISED CHILDREN’S EDUCATION MANAGED FAMILY FINANCES

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION SECTION 3 JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

A NEW FEUDALISM UNDER STRONG LEADERS JAPAN DAIMYO VIOLENT ERA 1467-1568 KNOWN AS SENGOKU OR WARRING STATES WARRIOR CHIEFTAINS OFFERED SECURITY FOR LOYALTY

ODA NOBUNAGA TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI BRUTAL & AMBITIOUS DAIMYO SEIZED CAPITAL OF KYOTO (1568). COULDN’T UNIFY JAPAN & COMMITTED SUICIDE NOBUNAGA’S BEST GENERAL CONTINUED THE MISSION. CONTROLLED MOST OF COUNTRY UNTIL HE DIED IN 1598

TOKUGAWA IEYASU UNIFIED JAPAN, BECAME SOLE RULER, MOVED CAPITAL TO EDO (TOKYO). FORCED LOCAL DAIMYO’S TO SPEND EVERY OTHER YEAR IN THE CAPITAL, THIS TAMED THEM RULE OF LAW OVERCAME THE RULE OF THE SWORD MEANING?

TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE DYNASTY OF SOLE RULERS UNIFIED WANTED TO TAKE CARE OF THE PEOPLE. STRIVED TO BE VIRTUOUS. AND VOWED TO PROTECT THE COUNTRY.

LIFE IN TOKUGAWA JAPAN THE IDEAL SOCIETY DEPENDED ON AGRICULTURE NOT COMMERCE IN TOKUGOWA JAPAN

SOCIETY SHIFT IN JAPAN HAIKU MID 1700’S FROM RURAL TO URBAN. EDO BECAME LARGEST CITY IN WORLD WITH MORE THAN 1 MILLION PEOPLE. COMMERCIAL CENTERS INCREASED 5-7-5 SYLLABLE, 3-LINE VERSE POETRY; PRESENTED IMAGES RATHER THAN IDEAS

KABUKI THEATRE WHERE ACTORS WERE IN ELABORATE COSTUMES, USING MUSIC, DANCE, & MIME PERFORMED SKITS ABOUT MODERN LIFE.

CONTACT BETWEEN EUROPE & JAPAN PORTUGUESE MERCHANTS CASTLES BUILT FIRST GROUP IN JAPAN. FIREARMS WAS THEIR BIGGEST ITEM OF TRADE. BUILT FORTIFIED CASTLES TO WITHSTAND CANNONBALLS.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES JAPAN ACCEPTS IT AT FIRST. WHY? BRILLIANT CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES LIKE FRANCIS XAVIER COME TO JAPAN EVENTUALLY BANNED BECAUSE WENT AGAINST TRADITIONAL JAPANESE BELIEFS

THE CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY JAPAN CLOSES BORDERS STRENGTHENED TOKUGAWA SHOGUNS BY ELIMINATING EUROPEAN IDEAS THAT UNDERMINED TOKUGAWA AUTHORITY LIMITING TRADE PRODUCED MONOPOLY HIGH PROFITS FOR THE SHOGUNS

LONG TERM EFFECT OF CLOSED COUNTRY POLICY OF JAPAN MISSED TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES ELECTRICITY SCIENCE MILITARY STAGNATION OF IDEAS EMPERORS UNTIL 1945 NOT A FREE MARKET UNTIL 1945