Photography

History The first successful picture was produced in June/July 1827 by Joseph NiépceThe first successful picture was produced in June/July 1827 by Joseph Niépce Combined the “camera obscura”Combined the “camera obscura” With photochemistryWith photochemistry The term "Photography" was first used by Sir John Herschel, in 1839The term "Photography" was first used by Sir John Herschel, in 1839

Camera Obscura

Deguerrotype Niepce partnered with DeGuerreNiepce partnered with DeGuerre Deguerrotype announced to the public in 1839Deguerrotype announced to the public in 1839 The Deguerrotype was a positive image on a metal plateThe Deguerrotype was a positive image on a metal plate One off – no copiesOne off – no copies Expensive and long exposure timesExpensive and long exposure times

Deguerrotype of Niepce

Calotype Invented by Henry Talbot Fox in 1839Invented by Henry Talbot Fox in 1839 Technique employed was very similar to that still in use todayTechnique employed was very similar to that still in use today Negative exposed in the camera, developed in a dark room, and then printed on paperNegative exposed in the camera, developed in a dark room, and then printed on paper

Calotype (negative) and print

Glass negative processes Albumen - used egg whites to bind salts to glass plate Albumen - used egg whites to bind salts to glass plate 1851 – collodian process – glass plate but much shorter exposure time1851 – collodian process – glass plate but much shorter exposure time Wet collodian process preserved the plates but lengthened exposure timeWet collodian process preserved the plates but lengthened exposure time

Gelatin Richard Maddox discovered a way to use gelatin Richard Maddox discovered a way to use gelatin Used instead of glass as the medium for the photographic plateUsed instead of glass as the medium for the photographic plate Dry plate processDry plate process Eliminated the need for portable dark roomEliminated the need for portable dark room

Celluloid First used as photographic medium in the 1860s by John CarbuttFirst used as photographic medium in the 1860s by John Carbutt Widely attributed to George EastmanWidely attributed to George Eastman –Eastman introduced flexible “roll film” in 1884 –Eastman introduced the box camera Called it the “KODAK”Called it the “KODAK” A nonsense word that has no meaningA nonsense word that has no meaning “You push the button, we do the rest”“You push the button, we do the rest” –Introduced the “Brownie” in 1900

$1 The Brownie

Focal plane Optical Center Focal Length Angle of Acceptance Depth of Field In film cameras, 50 millimeter focal length approximates our eyes’ field of vision, or angle of acceptance

Angle of acceptance Determined by focal lengthDetermined by focal length Long focal length (>50) = “telephoto”Long focal length (>50) = “telephoto” Short focal length (<50) = “wide angle”Short focal length (<50) = “wide angle” Focal length may introduce distortionsFocal length may introduce distortions

Depth of Field The area where objects will appear to be in focusThe area where objects will appear to be in focus

Factors Affecting DOF Focal Length of lensFocal Length of lens –Longer focal length = shallow DOF Lens openingLens opening –Larger aperture = shallow DOF Distance to SubjectDistance to Subject –Closer to subject = shallow DOF Shutter SpeedShutter Speed –Slower shutter speed = shallow DOF

Factors Affecting DOF Lens opening and shutter speed are determined by light levelsLens opening and shutter speed are determined by light levels –Low light = larger aperture –Low light = slower shutter speed

Distance to subject too great

Position of camera/subject

Retouch