1. Invention of Photography/Image

2. Camera Obscura 5th century
Mo Ti first to record creation of inverted image with pinhole in screen
Saw that rays from top of object will produce the lower part of image
No further mention until 9th century

3. Room Camera Obscura

4. Box Camera Obscura

6. Camera Lucida 19th century Not easy to use
Trace of outline only possible when 1/2 of eye and pencil point on paper

7. Camera Obscura Number of advances made to it
Instrument makers kept producing it
Renderings look like “an out of focus photo”
Vermeer

9. Nicephore Niepce Accredited with invention Born 1765 in France
1797 travels to Sardinia said to be the 1st idea he has of photography
1816 starts on goal to make permanent imgs seen at back of cam O.

10. First Non-Fixed Image
Sheets of silver salts coated paper (blackens in daylight) at the back of cam O.
Image was a negative then vanished because in broad daylight, paper blackens
He called these images retinas

11. Hangs in Harry Ransom Center at UT in Austin
First Fixed Image
1824 put lithographic stones, coated w/ bitumen (or asphalt) at the back of cam O.
Obtains fixed img of landscape
Extremely long exposure time of a few days
Hangs in Harry Ransom Center at UT in Austin

12. Heliography Process
Niepce dissolved powdered Judea Bitumen in lavender oil
Then he spread this solution in a very thin layer on a base glass, stone, copper, tin, silver
With a hot drying process he got a shiny varnish with a cherry red color

13. Heliography Process
Then he would expose the varnished plate in a camera obscura
After exp no visible img so he dipped plate in diluted lavender oil which dissolved bitumen parts that had not been exp or little to light
Resulting img was a negative

14. Heliography Process
To get positive: without any further processing under the condition to make this img with a thin layer of varnish with an underexp. In this case the varnish was mat and by reflection, with a low angled light and in a dark place, img would appear positive.
From 1827 on
Submitting silver plate to iodine vapors to get a positive img. Niepce would place in box with iodine crystals that evaporated spontaneosly.
From

15. Heliography Process
Within few min the iodine fumes oxydized the silver insufficiently protected by varnish. This created a layer of silver iodide on metal surface, which once varnish was eliminated, would blacken under the action of light.
A positive image.

16. Niepce and Daguerre 1827 Niepce and Daguerre meet in Paris
Daguerre ( ) was a painter and stage decorator and also had the idea of photography
men exchanged ideas through mail
1832 came up with the Physautotype process

17. Physautotype
Used tree resins and residue of lavender oil distillation.
Exp time went down to 8 hours

19. Daguerre
1833 Niepce dies, Daguerre worked alone and invented Daguerreotype
1835 Daguerre got positive imgs using far shorter exp times than heliography and physautotype
1837 fixed those imgs using techniques learnt from Niepce and possessed process that produced imgs in only a few min w/ cam O.

20. Daguerre and Daguerreotype
Went to Science Academy in France with his creation
4000 francs allotted to D. and Isidore (Niepce’s son)
Daguerreotype made it possible to do portraits
Flaw: expensive and could not be duplicated
Daguerreotype

22. Talbot William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877) English chemist
Creator of the Calotype process

23. Calotype Talbot sensitized paper to light with a silver salt solution.
He then exposed the paper to light.
Fixed in strong salt solution
Added gallic acid, paper became more sensitive to light and no longer necessary to expose until img became visible

24. Calotype Lower quality prints
But reproducible (what today’s photography is based on)

25. Archer and Collodion Process
Frederick Scott Archer introduced the Collodion process in 1851
Reduced exp time to 2-3 sec
Cheap

27. Film
1888 John corbutt coated sheets of celluloid w/photgraphic emulsion
1889 George Eastman produced roll film for a new cam called the Kodak
After exp, film would be returned still in cam for processing
Early films highly inflammable so they were replaced in 1930’s to non-iflammable

29. Relating to Seminal Text