Migration Immigrants Urbanization Rural Urban The movement of people from one place or region to another People who move into one country from another The movement of people to cities, and the growth of cities Located in the countryside Located in the cities and towns

More than 30 million people moved to the US from Europe More than 41 million migrated here from Mexico 2.5 million migrated here from the Caribbean Islands More than 1 million came from the Philippines, China and Vietnam. 800,000 immigrants have come from South Korea and India Came during Came since 1971 Came over the years Slides Big Idea?

How has voluntary migration changed from past years to now? Voluntary Migration The movement of people by their own choice People migrate b/c hardships “push” them to leave. The hope for a better life “pulls” people to a new area. The Past Push-pull explains why Irish migration happened in the 1840’s and 50’s. 1.5 million people Irish came Why? Disease destroyed crop of potatoes so hunger pushed people to migrate. Better economy pulled Irish families to US. Present Day Push people to leave—economy, wars, limit of freedom due to gov’t Pull people to come—economy, political freedom Push-Pull Theory

Involuntary Migration When people are forced to move (not their choice) Ex. Britain sent prisoners to Australia in 1800’s to serve their sentences Ex. War can force people to move as well Biggest Involuntary Migration 1500’s—1800’s: millions of Africans enslaved and taken to European colonies Traveled under inhumane (?) conditions Initially established on East Coast and then forced to migrate again across the US Transatlanti c Slave Trade

2 Reasons why someone would move from the country to city. 1.) Growth on industry 2.) ? Since 1950—urbanization has paved way for suburbanization (movement of people to suburbs) can replace valuable farmland w/ developments Most people rely on cars for transportation in suburbs suburbs can lead to more pollution People still move to pursue dream of home ownership Cities and Suburbs

Urbanization happens on other continents as well Asia Africa Latin America In these countries: People move from the countryside to cities Over the years the numbers have increased Cities are having a problem keeping up Not enough: schools, housing, jobs, hospitals Traffic Jams and crowds But people still keep flocking to cities In the countryside: Jobs are scarce Less land to farm on Want a better life and cities seem to be the answer Can cities possibly keep up? Appeal of Cities

System where people make, exchange, and use things that have value Owners and workers People who buy and use products An economic system in which individuals own most businesses An economic system in which the central government owns factories, farms and offices Nations with many industries and advanced technology Nations with few industries and simple technology Economy Producers Consumers Capitalism Communism Developed Nations Developing Nations

Economies differ from one country to another In any economy producers sell products to consumers 1.) What will be produced? 2.) How will it be produced? 3.) For whom will it be produced? Answers to these questions depend on type of economy Owners decide how products are produced Workplaces are privately owned Government owns workplaces 3 Basic Economic Questions Ownership depends on Country

3 Types of Economies Capitalism Definition Also called “free-market” economy b/c producers compete freely for consumer’s business People can save money in banks Banks lend money to people and business in return for interest (?) Banks pay interest to people who save money People can invest in businesses Communism Definition Gov’t controls prices of goods and services, how much is produced and how much workers are paid Gov’t decides where to invest resources Only a few countries participate in this Mixed Economy System of mixed ownership Ex. In some countries gov’t may own some businesses while others are privately owned

Industrial Revolution Developed Nations Developing Nations Before—people would make their own clothes, goods, etc Then a great change happened—people invented machines to make goods quicker and cheaper New technology 1/5 of world is this Includes: US, Canada, Japan and most European Nations Use factory made goods Most live in towns and cities Machines do most of the work Most citizens can get a good education and healthcare Most food is grown by commercial farmers Unemployment is a challenge Industry and cars lead to pollution Includes Africa, Asia and Latin America Don’t have great wealth Private farmers who raise food for their families Challenges are: disease, food shortages, unsafe water, poor education, bad healthcare, political unrest Working to confront these challenges

More or less developed Different set of economic specialties Produce different products and goods Countries trade w/ 1 another to take advantage of another’s strengths Ex. US makes great computers, Saudi Arabia produces oil So Saudi Arabia sells oil to the US and the US sells computers to Saudi Arabia Countries have grown dependent of one another We need oil, other countries need our goods so we have to buy and sell How economies differ Trade Happens Interdependence

Developed nations Sell products made using technology Sell foods, natural resources and simple products NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Created to reduce costs of trade European Union European trade organization Consumers benefit from alliances b/c they end up paying less for products from other countries Trade Alliances

Political Systems

A body that makes and enforces laws Region that shares a government A region that belongs to another state A state that is dependent of other states A small city-centered state A state containing several countries A set of laws that define and often limit a government’s power Government State Dependency Nation-state City-state Empire Constitution

Types of States Nations Nation-state vs. Dependencies Then: People lived in extremely small communities Now: Still some small communities but people primarily live in nations Protect people Resolve conflicts between individuals and social groups Needs met by government Each has a common body of laws Nation-states often called nations Every place in the world where people live if part of a nation-state or dependency Most are large but some are tiny Ex. Vatican City in Rome

1 st real states formed in SE Asia over 5000 years ago Military leaders conquered large areas & ruled ` them as empires 1500—European rulers founded nation-states established dependencies all around the world When dependencies became independent they formed new nation states Direct Democracy All adults take part in decision making Towns in New England still practice this Decisions made at town meetings Tribal Rule Members have say in group decisions Chiefs or elders make final decision Decisions based on culture’s customs & beliefs How States Developed Types of Government

Types of Government Con’t… Absolute Monarchy Up until 200 years ago this was most common form of gov’t King or queen inherits throne by birth They have complete control Few of these exist today Ex. Saudi Arabia Dictatorship Still around today Just 1 person rules A dictator has almost total power over land Nations ruled today: Cuba, Libya and North Korea Most dictators do not inherit power, use violence against their opponents Deny people right to make their own decisions Oligarchy Gov’t controlled by small group of people Political party, military group, religious group—types of groups that can control Other people have little say

Constitutional Monarchy Most monarchies are today Powers of king & queen are limited by law Ex. England Set of laws established in constitution King & queen often looked at as symbol of country only Representative Democracy Governments run by representatives the people choose People indirectly hold power to govern & rule They elect representatives who create laws If people do not like what person is doing they can choose to not re-elect them Citizens can work to change laws Constitution is governing laws Ex. United States

Nations make agreements to work together in alliances Members of alliance are called allies Assist each other with defense North Atlantic Treaty Organization Agree to defend any member who is attacked Some are purely economic in purpose European Union—economic unity among European nations Dissolves disputes and promotes peace Almost all nations in world belong to this Sponsors other international organizations such as UNICEF NATO UNITED NATIONS