Chapter 4 The Major Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines

Chapter 4 Objectives After completing this chapter, you should know the following: The history of cocaine. Patterns of cocaine abuse.

Chapter 4 Objective (cont'd) Treatment programs for cocaine abuse. The history of amphetamines. Patterns of methamphetamine abuse...

History of Cocaine Cocaine is derived from the coca plant. Native to the high mountain ranges of south America. Cocaine’s stimulating effect. Increase breathing which increases oxygen intake. Gave the native laborers of the region the stamina to perform their duties in the thin air at high altitudes. Potency of the drug is maximize thru chemically. Synthesizing the coca leaves. Crack; The most potent and addictive form.

History of Cocaine Crack cocaine - most popularly used version of cocaine.

History of Cocaine 1970's- smoking cocaine rocks. Rocking-up cocaine powder and smoking it was originally the method developed so distributors of cocaine could test the purity of the drug before it was purchased from the manufacturers. Crack - relatively new drug on the scene compared to drugs like opium or heroin; Nonetheless, it has been part of our history and culture for nearly 150 years.

History of Cocaine Cocaine's role in American history 1885,cocaine synthesized. 1880, cocaine effects were recognized by the medical world. cocaine toothache drops advertisement, 1885

History of Cocaine Sigmund Freud - first recognized authority and advocate for cocaine. Early in his career- promoted cocaine as a safe and useful tonic that could cure depression and sexual impotence.

History of Cocaine John Pemberto – founder of coca-cola included cocaine as the main ingredient in his new soft drink, coca- cola, its euphoric and energizing effects, was mostly responsible for skyrocketing coca-cola into its place as the most popular soft drink in history.

History of Cocaine 1903-public pressure forced Pemberton to. Remove cocaine from coca cola. Eventually. The public pressure became so great as to. Place a national prohibition on cocaine.

History of Cocaine 1920-cocaine was added to the list of narcotics to be outlawed by the passing of the dangerous drug act.

Acute effects of Cocaine Increase alertness Speed up metabolism Increase behavioral activity Promote psychomotor functions

Acute & Chronic Effects of Cocaine Medical application-local anesthetic. Kindling effects-refers to how epileptic seizures are thought to occur. The idea of seizure kindling is that large scale seizures can be triggered by small but repeated stimulation events

My Name Is Cocaine My name is cocaine (anon) My name is cocaine – Call me coke for short. I entered this country Without a passport. Ever since then I've made lots of scum rich.

Undesirable Effects of Cocaine Use Irritability/anxiety Mood swings Hallucinations Paranoia

Patterns of Cocaine Abuse 1986-peak of cocaine abuse Overall prevalence rates of cocaine have declined, emergency department cases related to cocaine use continue to RISE. Dawn-cocaine Second ED mention First ME mention

Treatment Modalities/cocaine Abuse Initial phrase- detoxification/abstinence Cocaine anonymous Modeled after alcohol anonymous Treatment centers MICA, Narconon

Types of Chemical Uppers Cocaine Amphetamines Caffeine Methcathinone Ephedrine

Life Threatening Results of Cocaine Use Strokes Heart damage Seizures Lung damage Sudden death

Amphetamines a.k.a., speed, meth, crystal Synthetic, chemically-manufactured substances Actions are similar to cocaine Effects last longer than cocaine Allows fatigue to decrease

Medical Uses of Amphetamines Treatment for narcolepsy (uncontrolled sleeping) Obesity (appetite suppressant) ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Caffeine Most widely-used drug in the world Mild CNS stimulant Studies show regular use does not lead into health problems

Methcathinone Home-made drug gaining popularity Destructive side effects (paranoia, anxiety) Similar to cathinone, a natural amphetamine Ephedrine is used to create “cat”

Ephedrine (Ephedrine Sinica) Natural Extract Sold as diet aids, supplements, metabolism booster, cold remedies Marketed as the drug “ecstasy” Linked to hundreds of deaths Symptoms include vasoconstriction of blood vessels and nerve damage