7. Peripherals 7.1 Introduction of peripheral devices Computer Studies (AL)

Reference Carl Hamacher, “Computer Organization fifth edition (2002)”, McGraw Hill

Content Functional Characteristics of peripheral devices and associated media Input / Output devices Buses Example of data transfer between I/O and CPU. Backing Store (discuss in other topic) Access time Transfer rate

Basic functional units in a computer system Input device System Unit CPU Main memory Output deviceSecondary Storage device Key: Data flow

Functional characteristics of peripheral devices Input devices Keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc Output devices Printer, monitor, speaker Storage devices Backing store: Hard disk, floppy disc

BUS Connection of the devices in a computer system. Address bus Carry the address Data bus Carry the data Control bus Carry the control signal

Accessing I/O devices Bus enables all the devices connected to it to exchange information Each I/O device is assigned a unique set of addresses. When processor places a particular address on the address bus, the device that recognized this address responds to the commands issued on the control bus. The processor requests either a read or a write operation, and the requested data are transferred over the data bus.

Accessing I/O devices When I/O devices and the memory share the same address space, the arrangement is called memory-mapped I/O. That is, the device-control registers are mapped into the address space of the processor. The CPU executes I/O requests using the standard data- transfer data-transfer instructions to read and write the device-control registers. With Memory-mapped I/O, any machine instruction that can access memory can be used to transfer data to or from an I/O device.

Example Address of input (e.g. Keyboard) buffer: DATAIN Move DATAIN, R0 Read the data from DATAIN and stores them into processor register R0. Move R0, DATAOUT Sends the contents of register R0 to location DATAOUT, which may be output data buffer of a display unit or a printer.