CH TIMES OF TURMOIL 1960s & 1970s THE 1980s

TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE THE YOUTHQUAKE FEMINISM / RIGHTS CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969 Civil Liberties Basic Freedoms 1960 Right to Vote 1960 ABORIGINAL CHANGES Protests Contraception for Women Right to Abortion Legalize Homosexuality 1969 White Paper Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act Encouraged Aboriginals To leave reserves Viewed as an attack White Paper abandoned for Red Paper – Self Gov’t, Control of own affairs BRA BURNING Multiculturalism

Treaties with the Native Peoples  Settlement of the west would not be possible without treaties and 1896 Indian Act (See next slide).  Treaty conditions were often ignored.  Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies, farming techniques.  Reserve land often small & poor land.  Gov’t dependency increased.  Between , 7 treaties signed. Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land. ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND Where is B.C.????

1876 Indian Act  1876 = Indian Act  Natives to live on reserves.  Children to attend residential schools.  Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video  Missionaries sent to encourage treaties Harper gave Federal Apology

Right to Vote 1960 ABORIGINAL CHANGES 1969 White Paper Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act Encouraged Aboriginals To leave reserves Viewed as an attack White Paper abandoned for Red Paper – Self Gov’t, Good enough for war……

THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTS The Legacy of Residential Schools – = apologies (Church & Gov’t) Self government – 1982 = Assembly of First Nations Land Claims – Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? Nunavut – 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever) The Royal Commission (1991) – Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter, 50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!! OAKA CRISIS Mohawks fought to protect land city council passed for a golf course Treaty Building In B.C.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT THE PRIME MINISTERS DIEFENBAKER P.C. / PEARSON Liberal / TRUDEAU Lib ;80-84 Unhyphenated Canadianism Nationalism / Brt. Ties Human Rights –> Can. Bill of Rights Women in Cabinet. Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote French felt excluded Appealed To: young, urban, central Canada Severed ties with Brt. Fr / Eng compromise Modernize Canada No Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce Canadian Flag – 1965 (p. 215) Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas/ Saskatchewan), CAS (p.216) Promoted Bilingual Canada (Bi & Bi Commission) The Person: French, young, hip, witty, Vette, celebrity, ‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’ Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms, gov’t foster economy. Official Lang. Act Can.= Bilingual Country ‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’ AGAINST SEPARATION - fought FLQ - October Crisis (Cross & Laporte) - War Measures Act

1960s & 70s QUEBEC 60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM 1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices?? (English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. ) Many pushed for a separate Fr. State. FLQ gained support Support Grew / Antics???? 1970 – OCTOBER CRISIS Kidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No) - Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes) Kidnapped Labour Min. P. Laporte Trudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???) Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members “Just Watch Me” - Trudeau Laporte found murdered in trunk. 60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba. Most arrests were released without charge LESAGE - Liberal QUEBEC NATIONALISM ‘Time for a change’ No corruption / Yes to merit Quiet Revolution Modernize – economy, pol., ed., & culture. (Church decline) PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec & Can. should divorce. Separatist BOURASSA BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang. Forced many Eng. out of prov. LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression Trudeau Imposed WMA Bombed Mailboxes Laporte Murdered

BILL 101

CONSTITUTION & DISCORD THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY – The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs. - Quebec voted NO. PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION – Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control. – The Amending Formula was difficult. Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov. Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population. –Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter. TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN – Turner took over Liberals but lost election to Mulroney (Conservative). MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION (Continued next page) Trudeau patriates constitution Without Quebec’s approval

MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM -Mulroney wanted to make things right. Cultural Mosaic vs. Melting Pot -Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations. -Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) - MEECH LAKE ACCORD -Mulroney propsed: - Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’ - Power to provinces – constitutional veto - Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’ -Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’ -Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died -Results – Quebec humiliated -Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%) CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD -Like Meech Lake but with: - Aboriginal self-gov’t. - Reformed Senate - equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west - Canadians voted NO - English felt too much power to Quebec. - French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too power in Quebec’s north REFERENDUM -49.4% Of Quebec voted to split. -Canada was shocked!!! - PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that separation would come with a price. -Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ would be needed for separation. -by 2000, separation seems to have declined. Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose to Harper (Conservative). PM Mulroney

The extravagance of the 50s & 60s was over ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INFLATION – Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) Oil embargo = 400% increase. The price on all goods rose. –Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up. –Dual income families became the norm. REGIONALISM – REGIONAL DISPARITY Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’ Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments – WESTERN ALIENATION The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east. –Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t – Alberta wanted to increase to world levels. –Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues. EXPANDING HORIZONS – Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade. Limited success. ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962 Air, water, soil, pollution Pesticides – DDT Business was slow to get on board

NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s 1980 = Recession (oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates) The s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism) DEBT CRISIS High unemployment = no taxes Gov’t assistance needed Public services cut Provincial Transfer Payments Cut Deficit Budgets = More Debt PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes Stimulate Economy / Cut Services Use American $$$$ Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence Foreign Investment Review Agency FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Pros – More US $ - Open US markets - Attract US firms Cons- Lose US branch plants -Can. Business can’t compete with US - Canadian independence? Deal = Free Trade - Protect Can. Culture?? - Fair competition?? 1992 = NAFTA FTA was expanded to Mexico Cheap labour controversy?

POPULAR CULTURE ‘THE 80s’ Teen Music Fashion ‘Boomers’ = Yuppies X = Born after Boomers Y = Born (Techies) Gen X & Y See p. 243 Fig. 8-4 SOCIETY

COLD WAR TIMELINE 1945 WW II ENDS / UN FORMED GOUZENKO AFFAIR 1949 NATO FORMED KOREAN WAR 1955 WARSAW PACT FORMED 1956 SUEZ CANAL CRISIS 1957 NORAD AGREEMENT 1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1963 CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES 1966 US TROOPS IN VIETNAM 1973 US OUT OF VIETNAM 1983 STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN JET 1989 BERLIN WALL FALLS 1991 USSR COLLAPSES (Diefenbaker) (Pearson) (Trudeau) (Mulroney) (St. Laurent) (King) (’93 Chretien) (‘06 Harper)

A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICY World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, & Trudeau/Nixon).. THE ISSUES NUCLEAR WEAPONS Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS - Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator. - US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure. - Cuba got nuke help from Soviets. - The world on brink of war. - A last minute deal reached. -No nukes for Cuban safety. - US imposed sanctions on Cuba & expected Can. to follow. Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US relations. THE VIETNAM WAR -Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided. -US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops - USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive -TV outraged Americans & war = controversial. - US angry with lack of Canadian support. -‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada - Canadian gov’t = neutral to war - Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY -Recognized Communist gov’t of China. -Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnership Note – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped), 1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)

PEACEKEEPING The US was now the only superpower left. Good or Bad??? THE PERSIAN GULF WAR Saddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait The UN sent in forces led by US. (First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor) Canada joined USA in Desert Storm Did UN/US move too fast? Sanctions? BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police DISGRACE IN SOMALIA Canada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war. - Much more aggressive stance. - Operation Restore Hope Canadians arrested, beat, killed, teenage boy. Canada’s peace role questioned.

CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA Post WW II = Communist Tito After his death internal conflict. Serbian president Milosevic = trouble UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace. NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia – Serbs ignored peace & moved into Kosovo Albanian Muslims were persecuted, murdered, displaced. NATO attacked!!! Canada took part – Controversy??? NATO - ????? Involvement in domestic affairs???

THE ATTACKS OF 9-11 Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings. (Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House) Bush = War on Terrorism WAR IN AFGHANISTAN US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban. UN later approved Canada entered war – support dwindling THE IRAQ WAR US went after weapons of mass destruction. Many nations (Canada) not convinced & did not go. US was upset!!! No weapons found!!!! OIL??? 2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US??? (Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

RAWANDA Hutus vs Tutsis When prominent Hutu was killed the Hutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began. General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) was brought in to lead UN forces. He pleaded for men & $ but the world Just sat back & watched. Did the world really know????

What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?