1. CH. 7- 8 TIMES OF TURMOIL 1960s & 1970s
THE
1980s

2. Encouraged Aboriginals
TOWARD SOCIAL CHANGE
FEMINISM / RIGHTS
THE YOUTHQUAKE
BRA BURNING
ABORIGINAL CHANGES
Right to Vote
1960
1969 White Paper
Ab. Rights &
Veto Indian Act
Encouraged Aboriginals
To leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
Protests
CHANGING SOCIAL VALUES
Right to Abortion
Legalize
Homosexuality
White Paper abandoned for
Red Paper – Self Gov’t,
Control of own affairs
Contraception
for Women
Civil Liberties
Basic Freedoms
1960
PM Trudeau’s Omnibus Bill 1969
Multiculturalism

3. Treaties with the Native Peoples
ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND
Treaties with the Native Peoples
Settlement of the west would not be possible without treaties and 1896 Indian Act (See next slide).
Treaty conditions were often ignored.
Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies,
farming techniques.
Reserve land often small & poor land.
Gov’t dependency increased.
Between ,
7 treaties signed.
Where is
B.C.????
Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’
dream needed land.

4. 1876 Indian Act
1876 = Indian Act
Natives to live on reserves.
Children to attend residential schools.
Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video
Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.
2008 Harper gave
Federal Apology

5. Encouraged Aboriginals White Paper abandoned for
ABORIGINAL CHANGES
1969 White Paper
Ab. Rights &
Veto Indian Act
Encouraged Aboriginals
To leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
Good enough
for war……
White Paper abandoned for
Red Paper – Self Gov’t,
Right to Vote
1960

6. THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTS
The Legacy of Residential Schools
= apologies (Church & Gov’t)
Self government
1982 = Assembly of First Nations
Land Claims
Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding??
Nunavut
1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)
The Royal Commission (1991)
Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,
50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!
Treaty Building
In B.C.
OAKA CRISIS
Mohawks fought
to protect land city council
passed for a golf course

7. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
THE PRIME MINISTERS
DIEFENBAKER
P.C. /
PEARSON
Liberal /
TRUDEAU
Lib ;80-84
Unhyphenated Canadianism
Nationalism / Brt. Ties
Human Rights –> Can. Bill
of Rights
Women in Cabinet.
Aboriginal: Senator/ Vote
French felt excluded
Pro – Brt. (wanted Brt Ensign on flag)
Appealed To: young, urban,
central Canada
Severed ties with Brt.
Fr / Eng compromise
Modernize Canada
No Capital Punishment / Pro Divorce
Canadian Flag – 1965 (p. 215)
Social Welfare – UI, Fam. Allowance, CPP, Medical Care Act (Tommy Douglas/ Saskatchewan), CAS (p.216)
Promoted Bilingual/Bicultural Canada (Bi & Bi Commission)
The Person: French, young,
hip, witty, Vette, celebrity,
‘salute’, ‘Trudeaumania’
Beliefs: Federalist, freedoms,
gov’t foster economy.
Official Lang. Act
Can.= Bilingual Country
‘A Just Society’/ Not ‘Distinct’
AGAINST SEPARATION
- fought FLQ
- October Crisis (Cross & Laporte)
- War Measures Act

8. 1960s & 70s QUEBEC 60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM
1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices??
(English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. )
Many pushed for a separate Fr. State.
FLQ gained support
Support Grew / Antics????
1970 – OCTOBER CRISIS
Kidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross
Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No)
- Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes)
Kidnapped Labour Min. P. Laporte
Trudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???)
Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members
“Just Watch Me” - Trudeau
Laporte found murdered in trunk.
60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba.
Most arrests were released without charge
LESAGE - Liberal
QUEBEC NATIONALISM
‘Time for a change’
No corruption / Yes to merit
Quiet Revolution
Modernize – economy, pol.,
ed., & culture.
(Church decline)
Bombed Mailboxes
PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ)
– LEVESQUE –
Quebec & Can. should divorce.
Separatist
Trudeau
Imposed WMA
LEVESQUE – 1976
BILL 101
Fr. Lang., ed., signs
Eng felt 101= oppression
BOURASSA
BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang.
Forced many Eng. out of prov.
Laporte Murdered

9. BILL 101

10. 1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962
INFLATION
Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC)
1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal)
Oil embargo = 400% increase.
The price on all goods rose.
Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.
Dual income families became the norm.
REGIONALISM
REGIONAL DISPARITY
Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’
Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments
WESTERN ALIENATION
The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east.
Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t
Alberta wanted to increase to world levels.
Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.
EXPANDING HORIZONS
Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.
Limited success.
The extravagance of the 50s & 60s was over
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962
Air, water, soil, pollution
Pesticides – DDT
Business was slow to get on board

11. CONSTITUTION & DISCORD
THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY
The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade,
common currency, common tariffs.
- Quebec voted NO (40% = Yes).
PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION
Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control.
The Amending Formula was difficult.
Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto,
Western Prov.
Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population.
Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast
The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts
to stand even though against the Charter.
TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN
Turner took over Liberals but lost election
to Mulroney (Conservative).
Trudeau patriates constitution
Without Quebec’s approval
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
(Continued next page)

12. MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
PM Mulroney
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
MEECH LAKE ACCORD
Mulroney propsed:
Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’
Power to provinces – constitutional veto
Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’
Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’
Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died
Results – Quebec humiliated
Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)
WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM
-Mulroney wanted to make things right. Cultural Mosaic vs. Melting Pot
Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.
Problem – Other prov. wanted more power.
(Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased)
Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) -
1995 REFERENDUM
49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.
Canada was shocked!!!
PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that
separation would come with a price.
Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’
would be needed for separation.
by 2000, separation seems to have declined.
Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned.
- Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose
to Harper (Conservative).
CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD
Like Meech Lake but with:
Aboriginal self-gov’t.
Reformed Senate
equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west
Canadians voted NO
English felt too much power to Quebec.
French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too
power in Quebec’s north.

13. POPULAR CULTURE ‘THE 80s’
Teen Music
Fashion
Gen X & Y
See p. 243
Fig. 8-4
SOCIETY
X = Born after Boomers
Y = Born (Techies)
‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

14. NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s 1980 = Recession
(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)
The s ‘savers’ = spenders
(credit cards/consumerism)
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Pros – More US $
- Open US markets
- Attract US firms
Cons - Lose US branch plants
-Can. Business can’t
compete with US
- Canadian independence?
Deal = Free Trade
- Protect Can. Culture??
- Fair competition??
DEBT CRISIS
High unemployment = no taxes
Gov’t assistance needed
Public services cut
Provincial Transfer Payments Cut
Deficit Budgets = More Debt
PM MULRONEY
Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes
Stimulate Economy / Cut Services
Use American $$$$
Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence
Foreign Investment Review Agency
1992 = NAFTA
FTA was expanded to Mexico
Cheap labour controversy?

15. CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN JET
COLD WAR TIMELINE
1962
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1963
CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES
1966
US TROOPS IN VIETNAM
1973
US OUT OF VIETNAM
1983
STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN JET
1989
BERLIN WALL FALLS
1991
USSR COLLAPSES
1945
WW II ENDS / UN FORMED
GOUZENKO AFFAIR
1949
NATO FORMED
KOREAN WAR
1955
WARSAW PACT FORMED
1956
SUEZ CANAL CRISIS
1957
NORAD AGREEMENT
(King)
(Pearson)
(St. Laurent)
(Trudeau)
(Mulroney)
(’93 Chretien)
(‘06 Harper)
(Diefenbaker)

16. A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICY
World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, & Trudeau/Nixon)
THE ISSUES
THE VIETNAM WAR
-Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided.
-US feared the ‘Domino Effect’ –1st advised then troops
-USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive
TV outraged Americans & war = controversial.
US angry with lack of Canadian support.
‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada
Canadian gov’t = neutral to war
Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Much of Canada was against US nukes
Appreciated the American defence & feared
Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator.
US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure.
Cuba got nuke help from Soviets.
The world on brink of war.
A last minute deal reached.
No nukes for Cuban safety.
US imposed sanctions on Cuba &
expected Can. to follow.
Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US
relations.
TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY
Recognized Communist gov’t of China.
Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnership
Note – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions
OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA (help underdeveloped),
1979 USSR into Afghanistan (increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)

17. PEACEKEEPING The US was now the only superpower left. Good or Bad
PEACEKEEPING The US was now the only superpower left. Good or Bad??? => NEW WORLD ORDER
THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
Saddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait
The UN sent in forces led by US.
(First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor)
Canada joined USA in Desert Storm
Did UN/US move too fast? Sanctions?
BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police
DISGRACE IN SOMALIA
Canada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war.
- Much more aggressive stance.
- Operation Restore Hope
Canadians arrested, beat, killed,
teenage boy.
Canada’s peace role questioned.

19. CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA
Post WW II = Communist Tito
After his death internal conflict.
Serbian president Milosevic = trouble
UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace.
NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia.
1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into Kosovo
Albanian Muslims were persecuted,
murdered, displaced.
NATO attacked!!!
Canada took part – Controversy???
NATO - ?????
Involvement in domestic affairs???

20. 2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11 2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.
(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)
Bush = War on Terrorism.
WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.
UN later approved.
2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.
THE IRAQ WAR
US went after weapons of mass destruction.
Many nations (Canada) not convinced &
did not go. US was upset!!!
No weapons found!!!! OIL???
2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???
(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

21. - 1994 - RAWANDA Hutus vs Tutsis When prominent Hutu was killed the
Hutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the
slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began.
General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian)
was brought in to lead UN forces.
He pleaded for men & $ but the world
Just sat back & watched.
Did the world really know????

22. What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?