1. The 1970s

2. The World in 1971
Detente
1971: Canada recognized Mao’s government in China
Americans still only recognized the nationalists in Taiwan as the Chinese government
People’s Republic of China admitted to the UN (Taiwan had held China’s seat for the past 22 years)
1973: US recognized Mao - relate to Castro

4. The World in 1971 (cont.)
conflicts over oil (inflation), prices going up
Yom Kippur War
OPEC
price jumped from $8/barrel to $40/barrel
Tar Sands
Arctic Pipeline
National Energy Program

6. Multiculturalism
Canada bicultural (French and British heritage), FNP ignored
more immigrants from all over the world made Canada multicultural
1971: official policy of multiculturalism to assist cultural groups to operate, overcome discrimination, have interrelations, help them all learn the official languages

7. Progress on Women’s Rights
Royal Commission on the Status of Women reported in 1970
National Action Committee founded in 1973
Goals: business success (key positions), political office

8. Women cont’d
needed to close the “wage gap” education: eliminate sexism in textbooks, encourage females to take “male” subjects
affirmative action in the workplace

9. Aboriginal Affairs
1969 White paper on Aboriginal Policy said that there should be no special privileges for Aboriginal Canadians [assimilation]
gov’t proposed :
abolish Dep’t of Indian Affairs
eliminate reserves
give responsibility to prov. gov’ts
terminate Indian status
Aboriginal peoples very upset
didn’t want to lose special status
began to organize, became political force

10. Foreign Ownership to Free Trade
The 1970s
Foreign Ownership to Free Trade

11. Foreign Ownership Branch Plant economy and tariffs
Foreign Ownership – Silent Surrender
What is good about Foreign Ownership?
Why did Canada put limits on Foreign Ownership Foreign Investment Review Agency [FIRA]?

12. Foreign Ownership
Liberal Party under Pierre Trudeau pushed for limits on foreign ownership
1972: 99% of petroleum industry owned by foreigners - >PetroCanada
Canada Development Corporation [CDC]
Conservative Party under Brian Mulroney encouraged foreign ownership and free trade.

13. Multi Nationals vs Nationalised

14. Western Alienation
Background - The West, and the West Beyond the West – the ‘Colony of BC’
Economic: National Policy, Crow Rate, CPR, depression (eastern banks)
Political: bilingualism, House of Commons, Senate
Poor farmers oppressed by eastern economics and politics

15. Western Alienation Economic turnaround
Potash development, forestry, mining and then oil and gas
Growing economic power pushing for more political power – now central Canada is listening
Western Leaders: Diefenbaker, Clark, Harper

16. Economics in the West

17. Western Alienation National Energy Programme
OPEC crisis - reduced supply of oil and spiked prices
Alberta becoming very rich – NEP imposed to create a “made in Canada” price for oil –export tax placed on oil shipped to USA
response: Easterners should “freeze in the dark”

18. Conservative and the Economy
Mulroney elected with great support of West in 1984
Believed in Free Trade with US
“Canada open for business” brought down restrictions on foreign investment
FTA 1988
NAFTA 1994

19. Quebec Separatism
Rene Levesque and his separatist Parti Quebecois elected in 1976
Promised a referendum on separation
Bill 101
“sovereignty association”
Rene Levesque vs Claude Ryan, then Jean Cretien and Pierre Trudeau.

20. Referendum

21. Quebec Separation The Constitution
Non wins 60% - but it wasn’t a vote for status quo – Trudeau promises “renewed federalism”
Constitution negotiations – gang of seven
Quebec betrayed?
Constitution Act of 1982
Charter of Rights – Notwithstanding clause

22. Constitution

23. Quebec’s Place Meech Lake Accord
Mulrouney elected with help from sovereigntists 1984
Promises to bring Quebec into constitution
Elijah Harper refused to vote for accord in Manitoba and hence it didn’t pass there -= so it collapsed
Separatism renewed (referendum 1995)