2. Just Society
The Just Society will be one in which the rights of minorities will be safe from the whims of intolerant majorities. The Just Society will be one in which those regions and groups which have not fully shared in the country's affluence will be given a better opportunity. The Just Society will be one where such urban problems as housing and pollution will be attacked through the application of new knowledge and new techniques. The Just Society will be one in which our Indian and Inuit populations will be encouraged to assume the full rights of citizenship through policies which will give them both greater responsibility for their own future and more meaningful equality of opportunity. The Just Society will be a united Canada, united because all of its citizens will be actively involved in the development of a country where equality of opportunity is ensured and individuals are permitted to fulfill themselves in the fashion they judge best. – Trudeau 1968.

3. How successful was Trudeau in managing challenges to the Canadian federation?

4. The October Crisis FLQ represents option 3 - violence
FLQ members jailed for bombing campaigns on mailboxes and railways in 1960s
FLQ not happy about this and wants them released
Also unhappy about Official languages Act

5. The October Crisis
October 1970 FLQ kidnaps British Diplomat and Quebec Provincial Minister
Demands release of prisoners of previous bombing campaigns and ransom money
If you were Trudeau what are your options to respond?
Which would you choose and why?

6. The response? If you were Trudeau what are your options to respond?
Which would you choose and why?

7. What actually happens Introduces War Measures Act
Troops to guard politicians and important public buildings
Privacy and freedom of movement rights suspended
Basic human rights suspended – arrest without reason
FLQ membership outlawed

8. As You watch the clip
1. What are some people saying who disagree with what Trudeau is doing?
2. How does Trudeau respond to these worries?
3. Why does Trudeau say the army is necessary?

9. October Crisis Ends Minister is killed by FLQ
Diplomat is rescued in exchange for kidnappers freedom.
450 people arrested under WMA are released.
How correct was Trudeau in introducing WMA?

10. Challenge 2: 1980 Referendum
This is option 2 (Quebec independence through politics)
1976 PQ and Levesque wins provincial election in Quebec for the first time
Bill 101 – French is the only official language of Quebec
Leader Rene Levesque promises referendum on Quebec “sovereignty association”
Means political separation but sill economic ties

11. Trudeau’s response Sympathises with Quebecois feeling
Understands because he is from Quebec
Promises a new constitution which will address their concerns
Trudeau has a big effect on the outcome
60% NO, 40% Yes
Levesque promises “until the next time”

12. Challenge 4: The constitution
Trudeau patriates (brings home) Canadian Constitution
Since 1867, any changes to the constitution had to be agreed by Britain
Now all decisions made in Canada
New Charter of Rights and Freedoms that guarantees all Canadians the same rights.
How do the new constitution and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms represent Trudeau’s idealism.

13. Not a done Deal…. Yet!
Trudeau needs the Provinces to agree to the deal. Also needs Provinces to agree to an “amending formula”—a way to change the Constitution.
Premiers of Provinces are worried Charter will make courts stronger than Provinces.
Amending Formula: To change need 7/10 provinces that represent 50% of population
Notwithstanding Clause (EXCEPT) allows provinces to opt out of parts of Charter they do not like.
9 Premiers involved in this “kitchen compromise” but not Rene Levesque
Quebec refuses to sign
Was this process in line with Trudeau’s idealism?

14. Challenge 3 – First Nations of Canada
Felt they were a distinct society like Quebec
Bill of Rights – 1960 – Get voting rights without losing status first time
Trudeau’s response is to have the White Paper of 1969
Wants First nations to be treated like all other citizens
Fits with idea of just society and multiculturalism
FN will lose “special rights” but hopefully become more successful.

15. The First Nations Response
FN feel it is another attempt at assimilation, but under a different name.
Doesn’t distinguish first nations form other Canadians
National Indian Brotherhood calls for self-government in its Red Paper.
Trudeau backs down and White Paper does not become law.

17. Multiculturalism
8 Oct 1971 – Multiculturalism becomes official govt. policy
“There cannot be one cultural policy for Canadian of British and French origin, another for the original peoples and yet a third for all others. For although there are two official languages, there is no official culture, nor does any ethnic group take precedence over any other. No citizen or group of citizens is other than Canadian, and all should be treated fairly…” (Trudeau 1971)
Included financial support to allow groups to develop and maintain own cultures in Canada
Critics said waste of resources and damaged idea of Canadian identity.

19. Immigration under Trudeau
Introduced new immigration rules to make family immigration easier.
Also economic class based on points system
Quota system to regulate numbers.
Shift away from European immigration – only 30% by 1982.
Based on economic necessity. Less in 70s because of economic downturn.

21. What kind of immigrants?

22. All figures are % immigrants to BC in 2010
Skilled workers – 37.7 %
Family Class – 24.6%
Business – 13.3%
Refugee Class – 3.8%
Others include Canadian experience, Nomination and live-in caregivers.
Processing Fees are between $550 and $1050 per applicant.
Must have $10,000 for each adult and $2000 for each child to cover 6 months of living costs.