1. CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS: 1980 & BEYOND
FACT: 1989: Ms. Lewis is born. MY BIRTH > CONSTITUTION

2. POPULAR CULTURE ‘THE 80s’
Fashion
Teen Music
Gen X & Y
See p. 243
Fig. 8-4
X = Born after Boomers
Y = Born (Techies)
Z= 2000 plus (Millennials)
‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

3. The Multiculturalism Act
A response to huge immigration to Canada in the 1980’s– but largely European policy in schools/government etc.
Also called Bill C-93
Was adopted in 1988 to provide a legal framework for multiculturalism in Canada.
It aimed to reinforce racial and cultural equality with legal authority.
The Act ensured that all federal institutions took into account the multicultural reality of Canada.
MUTUAL RESPECT

4. Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples
ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND
Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples
Settlement of the west would not be possible without treaties the Indian Act
Treaty conditions were often ignored.
Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies,
farming techniques.
Reserve land often small & poor land.
Gov’t dependency increased.
Between ,
7 treaties signed.
Where is
B.C.????
Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’
dream needed land.

5. 1876 Indian Act
1876 = Indian Act
Natives to live on reserves.
Children to attend residential schools.
Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video
Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.
2008 Harper gave
Federal Apology

6. Encouraged Aboriginals White Paper abandoned for
ABORIGINAL CHANGES
1969 White Paper
Ab. Rights &
Veto Indian Act
Encouraged Aboriginals
To leave reserves
Viewed as an attack
Good enough
for war……
White Paper abandoned for
Red Paper – Self Gov’t,
Right to Vote
1960

7. THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTS
The Legacy of Residential Schools
= apologies (Church & Gov’t)
Self government
1982 = Assembly of First Nations
Land Claims
Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding??
Nunavut
1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever)
The Royal Commission (1991)
Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter,
50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!!
OAKA CRISIS
Mohawks fought
to protect land city council
passed for a golf course

8. CONSTITUTION & DISCORD
THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY
The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade,
common currency, common tariffs.
- Quebec voted NO.
PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION
Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control.
The Amending Formula was difficult.
Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto,
Western Prov.
Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population.
Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast
The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts
to stand even though against the Charter.
TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN
Turner took over Liberals but lost election
to Mulroney (Conservative).
Trudeau patriates constitution
Without Quebec’s approval
AMMENDING FORMULA: The way to actually get all the provinces to agree to a Canadian made constitution. HOW WOULD IT BE DONE?
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
(Continued next page)

9. MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
PM Mulroney
MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION
MEECH LAKE ACCORD
Mulroney propsed:
Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’
Power to provinces – constitutional veto
Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’
Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’
Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died
Results – Quebec humiliated
Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%)
WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM
-Mulroney wanted to make things right.
Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations.
Problem – Other prov. wanted more power.
(Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased)
Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) -
1995 REFERENDUM
49.4% Of Quebec voted to split.
Canada was shocked!!!
PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that
separation would come with a price.
Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’
would be needed for separation.
by 2000, separation seems to have declined.
Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned.
- Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose
to Harper (Conservative).
CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD
Like Meech Lake but with:
Aboriginal self-gov’t.
Reformed Senate
equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west
Canadians voted NO
English felt too much power to Quebec.
French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too
power in Quebecs north.

10. 1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962 INFLATION
Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC)
1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal)
Oil embargo = 400% increase.
The price on all goods rose.
Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up.
Dual income families became the norm.
REGIONALISM
REGIONAL DISPARITY
Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’
Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments
WESTERN ALIENATION
The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east.
Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t
they wanted to increase to world levels.
Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues.
EXPANDING HORIZONS
Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade.
Limited success.
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962
Air, water, soil, pollution
Pesticides – DDT
Business was slow to get on board

11. NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS 1980s 1980 = Recession
(oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates)
The s ‘savers’ = spenders
(credit cards/consumerism)
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Pros – More US $
- Open US markets
- Attract US firms
Cons - Lose US branch plants
-Can. Business can’t
compete with US
- Canadian independence?
Deal = Free Trade
- Protect Can. Culture??
- Fair competition??
DEBT CRISIS
High unemployment = no taxes
Gov’t assistance needed
Public services cut
Provincial Transfer Payments Cut
Deficit Budgets = More Debt
Trickle down effect: When Mulroney would cut taxes so that people could afford to spend which would reinvigorate the economy and create jobs.
FIRA: Foreign investment review agency
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement: Including Mexico.
PM MULRONEY
Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes
Stimulate Economy / Cut Services
Use American $$$$
Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence
1992 = NAFTA
FTA was expanded to Mexico
Cheap labour controversy?

12. 2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11 2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings.
(Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House)
Bush = War on Terrorism.
WAR IN AFGHANISTAN
US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban.
UN later approved.
2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling.
THE IRAQ WAR
US went after weapons of mass destruction.
Many nations (Canada) not convinced &
did not go. US was upset!!!
No weapons found!!!! OIL???
2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US???
(Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

13. What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?

14. A NEW ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION: a process by which the regions and countries of the world are becoming economically and culturally connected.
-Liberals come to power in 1993 under Jean Chretien.
-One of his priorities is to expand Canada’s trading opportunities.
“TEAM CANADA” is sent to Asia and Latin America to secure deals for Canadian investment and exports.
Canada signs FTAs with Chile and Israel.
- Globalization took place during an age where rapid change in communications and technology took place. Goods were shipped easily and the internet makes it possible to do business online anywhere.

15. How Could That Be Bad?
Globalization can make big business rich at the expense of workers in other countries who may be making very little.
Globalization allows richer continents, like North America, to turn to look for labor elsewhere where there are lower labor costs and fewer environmental regulations.
Should Canada, who upholds human rights, trade and do big business using workers who do not receive the same rights? Even a (scary) benefit?