“Garbage to Gas” Team Bravo Eleftherios Avtzis David Garcia Bryan Isles Zack Labaschin Alena Nguyen Mentor Dan Rusinak Che Team Bravo

Municipal Solid Waste EPA 2008 report on MSW generation – Approximately 250 million tons of MSW generated by Americans in 2008 ~33.2% is recycled and composited (83 million tons) – Approximately 4.5 pounds of MSW generated per person per day 1.5 pounds of the 4.5 is recycled and composited. Che Team Bravo

Municipal Solid Waste Che Team Bravo

Why MSW? Renewable Energy Source Helps the Environment (CH 4 emissions) Cost effective Transportation Reduction Located near cities and existing infrastructure Che Team Bravo

Disadvantages of MSW Preparation of feedstock A lower heating value than conventional feedstocks Higher Ash content than conventional feedstocks Che Team Bravo

Design Basis Commercial Scale Production 2500 metric tonnes per day MSW 1800 metric tonnes per day Syngas Landfill choice Location Proximity to City Water Sources Size and expansion

Design Basis River Bend Prairie Landfill – 88 Acres – 20 Acres of expansion – Access to MSW of Chicago – Rail and River access – Residential – Limited Expansion

Design Basis Newton County Landfill – 265 Acres – Room for expansion – Access to MSW of South Chicago – Transportation – No river access

Design Basis Environmental Review Positives Removal of MSW from local landfill (75% of 2500 metric tonnes per day low end value enter gasification processing) Gasification by-products are captured and properly stored (no venting into atmospheres) – Negatives 400 million lbs of hazardous waste per year (mostly ash) 100,000 lbs will need relocation (cannot be further utilized)

Design Basis Industrial Standard Review Clean Syngas produced in 2.05 ratio H 2 /CO for use by chemical production Clear Statement of Feedstock MSW from landfills Return to landfill includes: glass, appliances, paints or oils Metal will be recycled

Block Flow Diagram Che Team Bravo

MSW to RDF MSW – municipal solid waste in Sorting – removal of recycle metals and other rejects Screening procedures Shredding and drying RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel out

Gasification Reactions C is a carbon containing compound Char reacts with CO 2 and steam (gasifier) C + H 2 O  CO + H MJ/kmol C + CO 2  CO MJ/kmol Combustion reactor heats sand (olivine) C + ½ O 2  CO MJ/kmol CO + ½ O 2  CO MJ/kmol H 2 + ½ O 2  H 2 O MJ/kmol Che Team Bravo

Water-Gas Shift and Methane Rxns CO + H 2 O  CO 2 + H MJ/kmol Slightly exothermic Required to achieve Syn Gas ratio of 2.05 Great opportunity for methane reforming CH 4 + H 2 O  CO + 3H MJ/kmol Che Team Bravo

Composition of Syn Gas CompoundPercent H2H2 45 – 48% CO15 – 20% CH 4 10 – 13% C2H4C2H4 1 – 3% CO 2 18 –20% C2H6C2H6 0 – 1% N2N2 Trace

TBE Gasification Process

Disadvantages of Other Processes High pressure/Energy intensive Lower quality raw syngas Air or oxygen requirements Poor scale up Unproven technology

Advantages of TBE Process Low pressure Relatively low temperature Efficient ash removal Indirect gasification Residence time less than one second

References Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 1: Availability of Feedstock and Technology (PNNL-18144) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Liquid Fuels Synthesis, Volume 2: A Techno-economic Evaluation of the Production of Mixed Alcohols (PNNL ) - TBE - Rentech Municipal Solid waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008 – EPA Higman, Christopher and van der Burgt, Maarten. Gasification 2 nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing. Oxford, Paisley, Mark A., Corley, Ralph N. and Dayton, David C. Advanced Biomass Gasification for the Economical Production of Biopower, Fuels, and Hydrogen. Taylor Biomass Energy