Chapter 1: Sources of Democratic Tradition 2000 B.C.E.- C.E Section 1: The Greek Roots of Democracy I. The Rise of Greek City-States A. Between B.C.E., Greeks changed different forms of gov’t B. Monarchy—king or queen ruled C. Noble landowners—served as military defenders; could afford bronze weapons and chariots

D. Middle class—merchants, farmers, and artisans began to take power E. Middle class challenged noble landowners for power F. Citizens began to protect city-states since iron weapons were cheaper G. This created 2 main city-states: Sparta and Athens H. Sparta: very disciplined military society; had a king and council of elders; only males over 30 could participate I. Athens: importance to individual and citizens rights; idea of democracy originated; set up legislature; women and slaves could not participate in politics

II. The Persian Wars A. By 500 B.C.E., Athens the wealthiest Greek city-state B. Threats from Persians lasted 20 years, but were able to withstand and defeat Persian forces due to support from Sparta III. Athens in the Age of Pericles A. Athens became the most powerful city after the Persian Wars B. From B.C.E., Athens’ economy thrived and government became more democratic under Pericles—known as Age of Pericles

C. “Direct Democracy”—most of the citizens participated in making decisions D. Citizens had to serve on the jury to make final judgment in a trial; were paid to serve E. Believed in civic duty (responsibility) F. Began to move away from god’s law to natural law G. Peloponnesian War—lasted 27 years; Sparta defeated Athens; ended democracy

IV. Greek Philosophers A. Thinkers and “lovers of wisdom” B. Used observation and reason to figure out why things happened C. Their search for knowledge influenced modern science and Western political thought D. Focused on ethics and morality  idea of goodness and human behavior E. Sophists (Athens) focused on success

F. Socrates  stonemason and philosopher, used the art of questioning to find truth and self-knowledge G. Plato  student of Socrates; believed that reason led to knowledge wrote Republic  divided society into three classes wrote Republic  divided society into three classes Worker  produce the necessities of life Worker  produce the necessities of life Soldiers  defend the state Soldiers  defend the state Philosophers  rule the state Philosophers  rule the state

H. Aristotle  student of Plato; analyzed all forms of gov’t (monarchy to democracy) & found problems with them all favored constitutional democracy  ”rule of the many” called polity (middle class) favored constitutional democracy  ”rule of the many” called polity (middle class) wrote Politics  rulers should also follow laws wrote Politics  rulers should also follow laws His teachings were used by constitutional gov’ts today His teachings were used by constitutional gov’ts today

V. Alexander and the Hellenistic Age A. Alexander was tutored by Aristotle B. conquered 2,000 miles of territory and became Alexander the Great C. spread Greek ideas D. Stoicism  most influential philosophy after Alexander’s death; founded by Zeno preached high moral standards  all people equal (even women & slaves)preached high moral standards  all people equal (even women & slaves) E. Greek ideas about law, freedom, justice, and gov’t have influenced political thinking even now