Ch.13 Groups and Teams Ch.13 Groups and Teams 任維廉 教授

Groups and Group Development 13.2 Work Group Performance and Satisfaction 13.3 Turning Groups into Effective Teams 13.4 Current Challenges in Managing Teams 綱要 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授

13.1 Groups Group: two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals.  Formal groups Work groups defined by the organization’s structure that have designated work assignments and tasks.  Informal groups Groups that are independently formed to meet the social needs of their members. e.g. facebook 社團，竹友同學會 …… 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 3

Exhibit 13-1: Examples of Formal Work Groups

Five Stages of Group Development Five Stages of Group Development 1. Forming: people join the group and then define the group’s purpose, structure, and leadership 2. Storming: characterized by intragroup conflict 3. Norming: characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness. 4. Performing: group is fully functional and works on group task. 5. Adjourning: group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. 瞭解並接受彼此差異，同理心，開放，包容，雙向 、支持性溝通。 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 5

13.2 GroupStructure 13.2 Group Structure Role  behavior patterns expected of someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Norms  standards or expectations that are accepted and shared by a group’s members. Conformity (Groupthink)  when a group exerts extensive pressure on an individual to align his or her opinion with that of others. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 6

Exhibit 13-4: Examples of Asch’s Cards e.g. 電擊實驗

GroupStructure (cont.) Group Structure (cont.) Status  a prestige grading, position, or rank within a group. e.g. cook vs. waitress. Social loafing  the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. Group cohesiveness  the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group’s goals. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 8

Ex. 13-3: Group Performance/Satisfaction Model

Ex. 13-5: Group Cohesiveness and Productivity

Ex. 13-6: Creative Group Decision Making

Conflict Management Conflict  perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition. Traditional view of conflict  the view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided. Human relations view of conflict  the view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group Interactionist view of conflict  the view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 12

Conflict Management (cont.) Functional conflicts  conflicts that support a group’s goals and improve its performance. Dysfunctional conflicts  conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 13

Conflict Management (cont.) Task conflict  conflicts over content and goals of the work. Relationship conflict  conflict based on interpersonal relationships. Process conflict  conflict over how work gets done. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 14

Ex. 13-7: Conflict and Group Performance 15

Ex. 13-8: Conflict-Management Techniques 16

13.3 What Is a Work Team? Work teams  groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goal using their positive synergy, individual and mutual accountability, and complementary skills. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 17

Types of Work Teams Problem-solving team  a team from the same department or functional area that’s involved in efforts to improve work activities or to solve specific problems. Self-managed work team  a type of work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 18

Types of Work Teams (cont.) Cross-functional team  a work team composed of individuals from various functional specialties. Virtual team  a type of work team that uses technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 19

Advantages of Using Teams Teams outperform individuals. Teams provide a way to better use employee talents. Teams are more flexible and responsive. Teams can be quickly assembled, deployed, refocused, and disbanded. 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 20

Exhibit 13-9: Groups Versus Teams

Characteristics of Effective Teams Have a clear understanding of their goals Have competent members with relevant technical and interpersonal skills Exhibit high mutual trust in the character and integrity of their members Are unified in their commitment to team goals Have good communication systems Possess effective negotiating skills Have appropriate leadership Have both internally and externally supportive environments 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 22

Work Team 之管理意涵 若團隊成員間有高度人際關係連結，則更容易 達成群體目標，也更願意在一起相處 當人們需要他人來幫助、以便完成工作時， 他們傾向選擇友善的同事，而非能幹的。 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 23

13.4 Understanding Social Networks Social Network The patterns of informal connections among individuals within groups. The Importance of Social Networks Relationships can help or hinder team effectiveness. Relationships improve team goal attainment and increase member commitment to the team.

Exhibit 13-11: Global Teams

作業 1. Case study: a manager’s dilemma (p. 374) (1) Identify and articulate business problems (2) Gather and analyze information applicable (3) Identify and apply an appropriate tool for solving problems. 2. Thinking critically about ethics (p. 394) (1) Identifies Dilemma. (2) Considers Stakeholders (3) Analyzes Alternatives and Consequences 26

3. Developing your acquiring power skill (p. 395) 4. Team exercise (p. 395) 5. Internet-based exercise (p. 396): (1) “Five Stages of Group Development “ 能解釋你參加過的 社 團？ (2) “Conflict-Management Techniques”, “creating effective work teams”. 27

28 回顧 1. 比較 Groups and Teams 2. 比較 Traditional view of conflict vs. Human relations vs. Interactionist 3. 區分 Five Stages of Group Development

Terms to Know Groupthink (Conformity) Conflict management Cross-functional team Social loafing Group Cohesiveness 交通大學管理學院 任維廉教授 29