IB History HL2 Period 2 Mr. Manzo February 2013 Renasita Yabut Daniel Aguilar-Posada Alexander Hernandez

 The Plan Focused on:  economic sectors with a heavy industry  China's development, especially steel production  extensive infrastructure development which involved electricity, rail roads and water transport  Deng Changed the four ideals of Mao: Idea, Culture, Habit, and Thoughts - to the Four Modernizations

 Ten Year Plan was announced in 1978  The goal was to reach a level at which China would be able to support itself and compete with the West  Goals where set for natural resource extractions (oil, petroleum, coal and non ferrous-metals)  The plan proved to be too ambitious and the government could not afford the costs so in 1979 the goals of the plan were modified.  Four Modernizations: agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military

The goal:  was to increase the yields of farmers  to have farmers move away from traditional farming methods  Instead of manual work the government wanted to introduce mechanized farming  improve water supply to farmers  support and promote the use of chemical fertilizers  supported personal incentives and diversification

 There where set quotas:  12 commodity and food base areas would be created to allow for better regulation and distribution of food  A big turning point was the implementation of the Household Responsibility System  Under this system even though there was still no private ownership of land, each farming household received a plot of land  The farming households could use this plot of land as they wanted  They would have a contract with the local commune in which they had to hire a certain amount of workers and plant a specific amount of crops  The farming households had control over the labor within their households and could distribute this labor however they wished  Also all farming household surplus could be either sold or kept which was a great benefit to farmers

 In exchange for using the land for a period of 15 years a quota that had been predetermined would go back to the local commune  The Household Responsibility System was very successful, by % of households where involved in the system  The System alone allowed to increase productivity by more than what had been set by the Ten Year Plan  China became the largest agricultural producer  Agricultural improvements lead to increased productivity  Due to this increased productivity, factories where built and the communes saw the revival of local crafts  This meant that farmers could leave their family plots and work locally in the factories

 Focused on capital construction and improvements in heavy industries  Iron, coal, steel, and oil production  54 billion yuan  Objectives cleared:  120 projects  10 iron and steel complexes  6 oil and gas fields  30 power stations  8 coal mines  9 non-ferrous metal complexes  7 trunk railways  5 harbors

 : meant to improve the attitude of the industrial working class.  Industrial Responsibility System  The State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) would have contractual agreement in which % of production, surplus, and profit would go to the state.  Had quality control  1980, 6600 SOEs

 Introduced Oct 1984 with the “Resolution on the Reform of Economic System”  Loosened government control but kept public ownership  Emphasized that ownership and management were distinct ▪ Management should be given an amount of autonomy to improve production ▪ Led to: private groups can lease small and medium state enterprises, largest ones remained directly under the control of the state.

 The Cultural Revolution had devastating effects on education  China was lacking even the basic technology that was standard in all other developed countries  There was a need for more scientists, doctors, engineers and architects  A number of goals were put forward:  wanted to be able to compete with the developing countries my repairing the damages caused by the Cultural Revolution  wanted to be only ten years behind the developing countries by 1985  increase the number of scientists, develop the centers used for experiments and to complete a nation wide system of science and technology research

 PLA had taken action in 1976 after the Tiananmen Square incident.  Hua Guofeng’s leadership came when he overthrew the Gang of Four.  China had a direction they wanted to go, they directed the approach towards improving national defense and military training.  War erupted between the two countries that borders each other, China and Vietnam.

 During the war between China and Vietnam, they had victory but did indeed face heavy casualties and suffered the effects of antiquated technology.  Deng Xiaoping had set up the four modernizations, had given himself the position of chair of the Central Military Commission.  Increased military expenditure  China had the largest army in the world (4 million) but they had been behind in advanced military technology

 Mao – “Spirit over Weapons”, development of new technology: o Nuclear Weapons o Ballistic Missiles o Hydrogen Bombs  Government spending was up to ten per cent of GNP on improvements and purchasing new technology.  China could develop weapons that would reach advanced military- industrial countries

Industrial production and agriculture had an average annual growth of 11% Growth rates high in coal, steel, electricity and oil GNP= 778 billion in 1985 success in the regions of infrastructure development and construction tremendous improvements in science and technology Problems with the workforce -Young workers often trained abroad with modern equipment and then had to reintegrate themselves on their return within an outdated system -Also, older workers who had suffered from a lack of education due to the cultural revolution felt threatened by the younger workers

The increased production brought about inflation The plan focused on modernization, economic growth and the availability of consumer goods -however other issues affecting the quality of life where not payed attention to Beijing became very polluted and China suffered deforestation on a big scale One child policy Corruption Also, the children of Party members had many benefits - they were automatically accepted into universities and did not have to serve in the military

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