1. DENG XIAOPING And the making of Modern China

2. Deng’s Rise after Mao’s Death  Hua Guofeng was named Mao’s successor, after he died the Gang of Four (led by Mao’s wife Jiang Qing) made it clear they did not accept Hua as the leader  The Gang tried to attack his ideas and build up military support causing disorder and planned a coup for October 6 th  The Gang was summoned on October 5 th to a secrete politburo meeting where they were arrested

4. Rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping  Deng had been kicked out of the party because of the Gang of Four, he now told Hua Guofeng that he supported him as leader  People worry about how to remember Mao due to the horrible problems that occurred due to the Gang of Four (which he supported)  Hua created the TWO WHATEVERS: (1) Whatever policy Mao created shall be defended (2) Whatever directives Mao issued shall be obeyed

5. Deng’s Rehabilitation  1977 Deng is reappointed to his official positions within the Party  The Gang of Four’s Cultural Revolution hurt China’s economy, Deng created the FOUR NEEDS: (1) get away from dogma (2) more democracy within the Party (3) correct wrongs done to victims of Cultural Revolution (4) change management, structure and economic policies  Deng focused on “Seeking Truth from Facts” and a rejection of the Two Whatevers in order to focus on the Four Modernizations : agriculture, industry, national defense and science/technology

6. Demise of Hua Guofeng  Hua’s supporters begin to diminish while Deng’s supporters increase  Calls for democracy led to the “Democracy Wall” where people put up posters with democratic slogans…Deng sees it could get out of control  Deng creates the FOUR PRINCIPLES: (1) Must stay Socialist (2) Must uphold dictatorship of Proletariat (3) Must keep leadership of Communist Party (4) Must uphold Marxism- Leninism and Maoist Thought  April 1979 action was taken against demonstrators

7. Demise of Hua, Deng’s Economics  Hua’s Ten Year economic plan was a flop. By 1980 he was forced to resign…Deng took control  Deng created Open Door Policy 1978 to open trade with the West  Deng created Economic Special Economic Zones (SEZ) that allowed free-market (capitalism) and allowed foreign businesses to come into China  They created more competition and creativity and it worked

8. Household Responsibility System  Deng wanted to increase agricultural production by moving towards mechanized farming  Collectivization was swept aside, farmers were given control over their labor and what they produced and how much. Surplus food could be sold for profit  Made China largest agricultural producer and increased a revival of local crafts

9. Industrial Responsibility System  Created State Owned Enterprises (SOE) a percentage of the profits went to the State and the rest went to the workers  Quality became more important than quantity  Improved worker attitudes and productivity  Deng promoted effective managers, not Party bureaucrats to run them  It’s not public ownership, but it allowed more freedom to create new businesses

10. Consequences…Tiananmen Square  With the economic reforms and talk of “democracy” within the Party people began to demand more freedoms  Hu Yaobang died in April, 1988. He was a communist-reformer. People demonstrated in Tiananmen Square in mourning for him  He Demonstrators had no clear objective, they created a “Goddess of Democracy” as a symbol of their movement

11. Tiananmen Square 1989  As more people protest, Martial Law was announced  Gorbachev came to Visit, Deng ordered the police to clear the square…  June 3 rd & 4 th tanks and soldiers arrested protestors and shot those who fought back  100’s of people were killed, the government denied any civilians were murdered  The people wanted freedom and reform but they didn’t know how to go about getting it

12.  Western countries denounced China…but they continued to trade and do business with them  Eastern European Communist leaders approved and supported Deng (except Gorbachev)  People of Eastern Europe became nervous when their own demonstrations occurred…Would the Soviets react the same as Deng had?