Topics Know how latitude and longitude are set up (If given a point you should be able to find a general location on the earth) Map projections ○ If given a projection you should be able to state what type of projection it is ○ Explain how the different projections distort the Earth Be able to analyze a topographic map by indentifying landforms from the contour lines Explain the difference between soil maps and geologic maps If given any type of map you are able to make conclusions and analysis

Latitude and Longitude  Points of Interest North and South Pole Equator- Separates North and South Pole

Latitude  Run East and West (run parallel)  Parallel to the equator 0º  Poles are 90º N and 90º S  1º = 60 minutes  1 minute = 60 seconds  Washington DC 38º53 23 N

Longitude  Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian  West-East locations  Established by using meridians – a semicircle that runs from pole to pole.  Prime Meridian is 0º passes through Greenwich, England

Magnetic Compass  Pg 55 Figure 4  The needle of a compass points to the geomagnetic north pole, not the Geographic North  Pg Review

3.2 Mapping Earth’s Surface  Cartography- the science of making maps.  A map is a flat representation of Earth’s curved surface. Larger the map, the larger the distortion Map of USA vs. Map of America

Map Projections  A flat map that represents the 3-D curved surface of a globe.

Cylindrical Projections  Meridians, or latitude lines, would appear straight not curved  Accurate near equator, not at poles  Pg 58

Azimuthal (az uh MYOOTH uhl) Projections  A horizontal look at a point on the earth.  Used best for the N and S Pole  Cause distortions with distance and direction.  Used in air travel Great circle is shortest distance  Pg 59

Conic Projections  Areas near the parallel where the cone and globe are in contract are distorted the least.  Pg 59

Reading a Map  N is always towards the top  Compass Rose shows the cardinal directions (N,S,E,W)  Legend- gives symbols for features such as rivers, mountains, and cities.  Drawn to scale- MUST BE- represents the relationship between the distance shown and the actual distance.

Isograms  Meteorologists use them to show changes in atmospheric pressure on weather maps (isobars)  Show areas that have similar measurements of precipitations, temp, gravity, magnetism, density, elevation, or chemical composition.

3.3 Types of Maps  Topographic Maps Most Common Show the surface features, or topography Show natural and unnatural features Elevation- the height above sea level Pros- shows shape, size, and elevation

Question  What’s the elevation at sea level?

Topography Maps  Contour lines show elevation.  Relief- The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of the area being mapped.

Landforms  Contour lines spaced widely apart indicate that the change in elevation is gradual.  Closely spaced contour lines indicate that the change in elevation is rapid/steep  Pg 65 Figure 3

Landforms  A contour line that bends to form a V shaped valley, indicates a valley  A closed loop indicates a hilltop or a depression/dip

Symbols  Built structures- black  Highways- red  Water- blue  Forests- green  Contour lines- black or brown  Make sure to use the map key/legend

Geologic Maps  Shows geologic features  Show types of rocks, faults, folds, and other structures

Soil Maps  Based off of soil surveys  The Natural Resources Conservation Service is in charge of overseeing and compiling soil data.  Soil Surveys Text, maps, and tables Text- general info about the geology, topography, and climate of the areas being mapped Table- types and volume of soil in the area Maps- detailed info about soil, and where they are Pg 67