Settling the Northern Colonies Martin Luther and his 95 Theses Critic of Indulgences The Bible alone was the word of God (not Pope) People are saved by faith alone Sparks mainland European Protestant Reformation

John Calvin and predestination 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion Only predestined go to heaven…Calvinists sought “conversions” (signs they were one of predestined) and afterwards led “sanctified lives”

Protestant Work Ethic Calvinist were famous for their dusk to dawn work ethic to prove their worthiness.

England’s Puritan wave to New World Some English Puritans wanted to further purify King Henry VIII’s Anglican Church. Radical Puritans (Separatist) wanted not to purify but to break away totally from Anglican Church

Pilgrims escape religious persecution in England King James I feared if Separatists could defy his religious authority the Separatist would later defy his political authority. As such, Pilgrims (Separatist Puritans fled religious persecution to Holland.

Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth Fearing their children were getting to “Dutchified” the Pilgrims left for either the Virginia Colony or their own “squatter area”. Squatter means not entitled legally to land.

The Pilgrims (Separatists) arrive in Plymouth After 65 days at sea, with one death and the birth of Virginia Dare, the Pilgrims disembarked in Plymouth Separatist believed only visible saints could attain church membership Less than half Pilgrims on Mayflower were Separatists

Pilgrim leaders Myles Standish (Captain Shrimp) was a great military leader and Indian negotiator Governor William Bradford led Plymouth 30 different times and helped develop the fur, fish and lumber trades

The Mayflower Compact, was a signed set of rules that set a precedent for modern Constitutions. Theory was majority (men) rule.

The First Thanksgiving After a horrible winter of 1620, when only half colony survived, 1621 brought bountiful harvest and a shared feast with Native Americans

Squanto, chief of the Wampanoag tribe and early colonists tried to maintain peaceful relations. Successful only for a limited time.

The Bible Commonwealth In 1629, some non-Separatists Puritans got a royal charter and set sail to New world in 11 well equiped ships Led by Governor John Winthrop these Puritans set up Massachusetts Bay Colony as a “city upon a hill” In the 1630s over 70,000 English migrated to New World In 1691 the larger Massachuseets Bay colony merged with Plymouth

Early Colonial Map circa 1691 Virginia Dare

Building the Bay Colony Religious leaders wielded powerful political influence over government (theocracy) Strove for religious and social harmony The franchise was extended to all “freemen” (adult males) that owned land and belonged to Congregationalist church

Religious sentiments in Massachusetts Bay John Cotton was one prominent clergyman Congregations hired / fired ministers at will Many Blue laws Hell was considered very serious and frightening John Cotton’s Gravestone in Massachusetts Religious freedom postage stamp from 1953

Trouble in the Commonwealth Founding Rhode Island Monument to William Blackstone William Blackstone was actually the first settler in Rhode Island. He was a hermit and settled in Cumberland Rhode Island The largest Native American nation in Rhode Island were the Narragansetts.

The Bible Commonwealth was very autocratic. While the settlers to Massachusetts Bay had sought to purify, or separate from the Church of England, the leaders in Massachusetts Bay wanted little dissention from religious orthodoxy. Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams Challenged authority of ministers by proclaiming that the truly saved need not bother to obey laws of man or God. ( Antinomianism) Exiled first to Portsmouth and later to New York Preached separation of church and state Compensation to Indians for land Founded first Baptist church in New World Founded Rhode Island near modern day East Providence

Anne Hutchinson “The first feminist ”

Roger Williams Founding of Rhode Island The root that ate Roger Williams

New England Spreads Out In 1635 the Reverend Thomas Hooker led an energetic group of Puritans to Hartford (New Haven also founded in 1638). This group drafted a trailblazing document called The Fundamental Orders which was basically a written Constitution.

The Original Fundamental Orders

Maine (Mass) and New Hampshire Sir Ferdinando Gorges founded Maine for trading. Maine became part of Massachusetts until 1820 Missouri Compromise. New Hampshire was founded by John Mason for trading and fishing reasons

Early Colonial Native American Wars Pequot War 1675 King Philip’s War The English settlers and Pequot nation fought a devastating war around Mystic Connecticut in Metacom, led a last effort to stop colonial settlement. Providence burned to the ground and a massacre occurred at The Great Swamp Fight.

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence By 1643 four (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, and Hartford and New Haven) colonies had formed The New England Confederation. This group formed to unite for protection against the Indians, French and Dutch. Thus began the tradition of semi autonomous colonies not asking the English crown for permission to act.

The Dominion of New England Under James II, in an effort to stem the tide of salutary neglect, in 1686 the Dominion of New England was created. Under Sir Edmund Andros the Navigation Acts were enforced for the first time on the British colonies in America. Sir Edmund Andros

The Navigation Acts and the Theory of Mercantilism Navigation Acts Certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World colonial port Enumerated goods from the colonies, like sugar, cotton, and tobacco, were to be provided only to England Mercantilism Economic theory that benefits the mother country at the expense of the colony

Unpopular Mr. Andros Andros established the Dominion’s headquarters in Boston He openly showed his association with the hated Church of England Andros curbed town meetings, restricted the courts and press, revoked land titles After the Glorious Revolution, which installed William and Mary on the throne of England the Dominion collapsed

The New Netherlands The Dutch East India Company with a fleet of 10,000 and Dutch West India Company were established to raid Spanish ships and settle in the New World

The New Netherlands In 1609 Henry Hudson ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands The Dutch set up patroonships (large areas of land) that were given to patroons that brought indentured servants to work land

New Netherlands The Swedes also planted a colony on the Delaware River (New Sweden) The Dutch often came into conflict with Swedes and Native Americans In 1655 the Dutch sent Peter Stuyvesant to eliminate the Swedes from the area

New Netherlands In 1664 Charles II granted the area of modern day New York to his brother the Duke of York. British troops landed and quickly eliminated the Dutch from the area.

Pennsylvania The Holy Experiment Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers in 1681 Thousand of squatters already lived in Pennsylvania Philadelphia was one of the first “planned” cities and unofficial “capital” of the colonies The Quakers became ardent abolitionist

Characteristics of Southern Colonies Plantation system Slaves and slave codes Some major seaports Located near Spanish Florida and French Louisiana

Characteristics of New England Colonies Various religions Diverse economically Gold Mines of New England (the sea) Predisposed to early public education Old Deluder Law

Characteristics of the Middle Colonies Fertile soil / Bread Colonies Ethically diverse population Considerable economic and social democracy The First American Benjamin Franklin