Impressionism 1860s-1890s

A Bar at the Folies-Bergere, 1882 Manet

Rouen Cathedral, 1890s, Monet

Waterlilies, , Monet

Oarsmen at Chatou, Renoir

“The Glass of Absinthe,” 1876, Degas

Post-Impressionism

Mostly French Inspired by colors and light of impressionism, but wanted art to be more substantial- not simply capturing passing moment 2 approaches: –Focus on technique/capturing underlying forms (Seurat & Cezanne) –Focus on emotion & sensation (Gauguin & Van Gogh)

Pointillism: Sunday on La Grande Jatte, , Seurat

Cezanne, Ginger Jar and Fruit, 1895

Gauguin, Market Day, 1892

The Starry Night, 1889, Van Gogh

Early 20th Century

Early Expressionism Expressed modern anguish Portrayed extreme emotions (jealousy, desire, loneliness, etc.) Best exemplified by Munch precursor to later abstract “Expressionism” which portrayed emotions through distorted forms and colors

Munch, “The Scream,” 1893

Symbolism Forerunner of Surrealism Showed fantasy world, not surface reality Strange, oversized figures Often meticulous detail on bizarre subjects

H. Rousseau, “Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo,” 1908

Fauvism Brief period Wild, exaggerated colors- not connected to actual appearance Some bold distortions of form, fascination with underlying structure Influenced by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and tribal art (I.e. African masks)

Matisse, “The Girl With Green Eyes,” 1908

Cubism Major turning point in 20th C art Broke objects into geometric pieces/planes, often disjointed and spread out- subjects often look disassembled and then awkwardly reassembled Often tried to show same figure/scene from multiple perspectives on one canvas Some early work monochromatic to emphasize form without distraction of color Later work incorporated stenciling, lettering, paper scraps Not totally abstract- they were representing objects, scenes, figures…

Picasso, Girl Before a Mirror, 1932

Dadaism Movement founded during WWI Nonsensical name Purpose: protest madness of war Artists did not trust reason & the establishment- so ignored restrictions & portrayed the absurd Aimed to denounce and shock, but also to inspire creativity Artists often used unconventional materials (I.e. junk not paint)

Max Ernst, Celebes, 1921

Surrealism Brief, strong movement in period between WWI and WW2 Strongly influenced by Freudian techniques artists and poets sought to create without conscious control- access unconscious Depicted bizarre, irrational scenes Some were almost abstract, barely recognizable shapes Some quite realistic in detail, but captured dreamlike hallucinations

Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

Architecture: International Style Pre-20th C architecture focused on emulating the past 1920s architects all over Europe (and U.S.) rejected old historical styles and flourishes and used streamlined designs “It was like shedding a Victorian bathing costume, complete with bloomers, parasol, and ruffled cap, for a string bikini.” Seagram Building, New York

Functionalism & Bauhaus Buildings should be useful found beauty in practicality and efficiency Radically changed look of cities “Less is more” Walter Gropius, German design school U.S. Chicago School (Sullivan, Wright)

Home in Lincoln, MA designed by Gropius, 1938 The Guggenheim Museum, New York City designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1959