De-colonization - Nationalism Ethnicity and Politics Middle East Europe

National Congruence Desire for state boundaries to match ethnic boundaries Ethnicity: an ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like

State response: Coercion Ethnocide (forced assimilation) Hungarian sign defaced in Romania. Hungarian sign defaced in Romania. Turks forced to change names in Bulgaria. Turks forced to change names in Bulgaria. Genocide(extermination) 800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, ,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, 1994.

Religious Territoriality States defined by religion Iran Israel ISIS

Europe and North America Section 4 Ethnic Unrest After Soviet Union fell, underlying issues in region bubbled to top Two were ethnic unrest, need for new governments One example of ethnic unrest took place in Chechnya, in Caucasus region Azerbaijan Early 1990s, another example of ethnic conflict occurred when ethnic Armenian minority sought to break away from country of Azerbaijan Tens of thousands died in fighting that followed Chechnya Chechnya considered part of Russia When Chechens tried to gain independence from Russia, dispute led to bloody fighting, insurgency that still affects region today Other Issues

SIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIA Eastern Europe Croatia, Slovenia (Catholic) Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia (Orthodox)Bosnia(Muslim)Kosovo (Muslim part of Serbia)

Ethnic Serbs (outside Serbia) - irredentism - irredentism Bosnians, Kosovars - secession SIX REPUBLICS OF YUGOSLAVIA Eastern Europe

Ethnic cleansing Forced removal of an ethnic group Serbs expelled from Croatia 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999 To make area ethnically “pure”

Bosnia (Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats) Same race, spoken language Different religion, script, “ethnic” group Intermarried, cooperated, 1950s-80s; At war 1990s Muslim and Serb refugees From Sarajevo

Former Yugoslavia Today

Ethnic minority regions in the new Russia Russians fear one secession would spread to all

Russians flatten Grozny, capital of Chechnya, 2000 Russia attacks Chechen Muslims (state territoriality) Chechens Yeltsin orders Russian forces into Chechnya DOCUMENTARY yGSk

Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants) sunday-in-northern-ireland (Religion and economic class)

Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants) IRA Irish Republican Army (Catholic)

Rwanda (Hutus vs. Tutsis) Same race, language, religion Different ethnic group; one favored by colonialists Genocide: against Tutsi minority, 1994

Somalia Same race, language, religion, and ethnic group Yet, 1990s civil war between clan militias

Contending Theories Ethnic hatred is always there; politics can keep a “lid” on it Ethnic hatred is a tool used for political and economic power