Fungi

When you think of fungus, what do you think of? Mold on your fruits? Mushrooms on your Pizza? April 24, 2017

Importance of Kingdom Fungi 1. many pathogenic species ex. Ringworm ex. athlete’s foot ex. potato blight 2. decomposers i.e. saprophytes recycle dead organisms (fertilize soil) break down toxic waste April 24, 2017

Importance of Kingdom Fungi 3. some species produce antibiotics ex. Penicillium 4. food source * mushrooms (vitamin D) * make blue cheeses 5. yeast: used commercially to make: bread beer & wine edible mushrooms chicken of the woods beefsteak April 24, 2017

Similarities Between Plants & Fungi eukaryotic cells numerous organelles multicellular (*except yeast) have cell walls anchored in soil stationary reproduce asexually or sexually April 24, 2017

Differences Between Plants & Fungi one nucleus per cell many nuclei per cell autotrophs (make own food) Heterotrophs (must eat to get nutrition) have roots no roots (filaments instead!) cellulose in cell walls chitin in cell walls (like insects) reproduce by seeds no seeds, they have spores April 24, 2017

Generalized Structure nuclei made of thin filaments called hyphae Under a microscope, hyphae look like a tangled mass of threads or tiny plant roots cell wall April 24, 2017

Generalized Structure Mycelium: formed by many intertwining threads of cells called hyphae - Very much like a “colony” - Usually forms on or below surface of soil mycelium showing many interlocking hyphae April 24, 2017

Anatomy of Fungus Mycelium Hyphae Fruiting Body (Mushroom) The dividers between fungal cells often have openings that allow proteins, fluids and even nuclei to flow from one cell to another. Some fungal species have no cell dividers: just a long, continuous cell dotted by multiple nuclei spread throughout. Hyphae Fruiting Body (Mushroom) Mycelium April 24, 2017

Oregon Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae) Nicknamed the “Humungous Fungus” Started as a single microscopic spore Has grown for 2,400 years and is now 8.9 km across The only above-ground signs of the humongous fungus are patches of dead trees and the mushrooms that form at the base of infected trees. The Humungous Fungus is the Largest living organism on Planet Earth April 24, 2017

Life Cycle – Asexual Reproduction spores: unicellular reproductive cells (ie. made of one cell) formed in specialized spore cases called sporangia (um) when mature, sporangia break open releasing 1000’s of spores to be carried by the wind Sporangiophore each spore forms a new mycelium (identical to parent) ex. Rhizopus stoloniferous- bread mould April 24, 2017

Spore Dispersal Fungus generally don’t grow tall enough, or in high enough areas to simply release their spores into the wind Spores must “burst” from the fruiting body This increases the chances of their spores being picked up by drafts or landing on an animal April 24, 2017

Life Cycle – Sexual Reproduction 2 Haploid (one set of chromosomes) hyphae cells fuse together grow into a mushroom (fruiting body) sexually produced spores form on the inside of the gills as spores mature, mushroom opens up & releases its spores to the wind (up to 2 billion/mushroom) each spore grows into a genetically different mycelium April 24, 2017

Life Cycle – Sexual Reproduction cap Label the following diagram of a mushroom. gills stalk April 24, 2017

Yeast different from other fungi because: unicellular reproduce asexually by budding 1. nucleus doubles 2. one nucleus moves into the bud 3. bud grows & falls off to become a new yeast cell identical to parent April 24, 2017

Scary Fungus Coryceps: A parasitic fungus that “takes over” the body of its host, eventually killing it April 24, 2017

Mucormycosis is a fungal infection of the sinuses, brain, or lungs that occurs primarily in people with immune disorders. April 24, 2017

Read the following Page 140 # 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 April 24, 2017