Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) By: Ashley Code

What Is IT? Traumatic Brain Injury by Federal Government definition means an acquired injury to the brain by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. TBI applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem solving; sensory, perceptual and motor abilities; psychosocial abilities; physical functions; information processing; and speech. The term does not apply to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or to brain injuries induced by birth trauma.

Causes of TBI A TBI is caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain Half caused by “ Transportation accidents” Such as ; Car accidents, Motercycle accidents or bicycle accidents 20% are due to violence Very small percentage in sports

Causes cont’d •Falls (35.2%); •Motor vehicle – traffic (17.3%); •Struck by/against events (16.5%); and •Assaults (10%).

Causes cont’d Infant’s and toddlers; 50% due to falls between the ages of 0-14 Kids & teens; emergency departments (EDs) treat an estimated 173,285 sports- and recreation-related TBIs, including concussions, among children and adolescents, from birth to 19 years. Has increased by 60% 16-19 yr olds have high vehicle accidents Older Adults: The rates of fall-related TBI hospitalization increased with age, with the rate or persons aged 85 or older more than twice that or persons 75 to 84 years of age and six times that of persons 65 to 74 years of age.

Effects of TBI •Thinking (i.e., memory and reasoning); •Sensation (i.e., touch, taste, and smell); •Language (i.e., communication, expression, and understanding); and •Emotion (i.e., depression, anxiety, personality changes, aggression, acting out, and social inappropriateness) TBI can also cause epilepsy and increase the risk for conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other brain disorders that become more prevalent with age.1 Talk about this: mild TBIs occurring over an extended period of time (i.e., months, years) can result in cumulative neurological and cognitive deficits. Repeated mild TBIs occurring within a short period of time (i.e., hours, days, or weeks) can be catastrophic or fatal

Concussions and Mild TBI Severe TBI Shaken Baby syndrome Variations in TBI’s Concussions and Mild TBI Severe TBI Shaken Baby syndrome

Characteristics of TBI Physical Cognitive Social/ Emotional Educational Headaches Short term memory problems Mood Swings Difficulty with multistep tasks Fatigue Long-term memory problems Anxiety Requires consistent schedule and routine Muscle contractions Attention Deficit Depression Needs distractions reduced Imbalance Disorganization Restlessness Requires shortened assignments Paralysis Non- sequential thinking Lack of motivation Must have lots of opportunities for practice of new skills

Prevalence of TBI Estimated 1.7 million people sustain a TBI annually About 75% of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI •In every age group, TBI rates are higher for males than for females •Males aged 0 to 4 years have the highest rates of TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths Talk about age group differnces, an why males have a higher rate

Prevention 1.Buckling your child in the car 2.Wearing a seat belt every time you drive or ride in a motor vehicle 3.Never driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 4.Wearing a helmet and making sure your children wear helmets 5.Making living areas safer for seniors 6.Making living areas safer for children 7.Making sure the surface on your child's playground is made of shock-absorbing material, such as hardwood mulch or sand http://www.brainline.org/content/2011/02/traumatic-brain-injury-ten-years-later_pageall.html

The End!! Thank You 