1. Traumatic Brain Injury
Brittany Burnette
Candice Holmes

2. What is TBI?
A sudden injury to the brain caused by physical force hitting the head or piercing the skull
Can be mild, moderate or severe
Results in total or partial disability

3. Causes of TBI Falls Motor Vehicle accidents
Physical Abuse (Shaken baby syndrome) or Assaults
Sport related injuries
(Boys are twice likely to sustain a TBI than girls)
Birth to 4yrs old and 15 to 19yrs old and higher risk to sustain a TBI
Students with lower SES higher risk
African Americans have higher risk of fatality rate from a TBI

4. Characteristics
Characteristics can appear across multiple domains: medical, sensory motor, cognitive, and social personality
Depending on the severity of the injury characteristics vary.
Problems in understanding language
Complications in speaking
Anxiety
Difficulty sequencing
Loss of understanding the BIG Pictures
Reduced thinking speed
Confusion
Reduced Attention and concentration
I am not sure if you want to add another page with this information (it goes with the first sentence I added) But you do not have to add if you don’t want
Medical: seizures, headaches, dizziness, weakness, fatigue
Sensory Motor: problems with coordination, balance, speech, sensation, hearing, vision
Cognitive: impaired reasoning and memory, difficulty finding words, lack of safety awareness, distractibility, difficulty adjusting to change
Social Personality: agitation, anxiety, aggression, depression, emotional instability, substance abuse, poor judgment and insight

5. Problems for students who have TBI
Misdiagnosed
Fall behind in grade level
Behavior Problems
Reintegration into schools
Hospital-to-School Transition Services
21% of youths with TBI
Informal Services
41% of youth with TBI
Behavioral problems increase
At school re-entry, most children with severe TBI can perform at or near their prior academic levels because they retain their pre-injury knowledge and skills (Hibbard et al., 2001; Walker & Wicks, 2005).

6. Instructional Strategies
Direct Instruction
Deadline Extensions
Break Task into Smaller Assignments
Flexible Programming
Quiet Environment
Low Student-Teacher Ratio
Positive Reinforcement
Intervention begin early and across settings
Explanation of Rules, Rewards, and Consequences
Short, Concise Instructions
Verbal Feedback

7. Accommodations and Modifications
More time to finish classwork/homework and test
Written directions/schedule
Give examples and model for students
Constant routines
Diminish any distractions
Be patient
Modify workload
Environmental modifications
Flexible and Creative when meeting students’ needs
Monitor interventions over time

8. Case Study Examples
Jimmy: A Case Study

9. Assistive Technology Programs
Devices for Memory and Organization
Calendar Boards
Schedule Organizers
Specialized watches
Devices to Access Information
Speech Recognition
Screen Reading Software

10. Parent and Teacher Organizations
Brain Injury Association
Brain Injury Association of GA
National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury

11. Resources http://www.biausa.org/living-with-brain-injury.htm
The last two are my resources I used.