Information Technology Basic Computer Architecture Adnan Khalid

Basic Computer Architecture OutputDevice InputDevice Memory Unit AuxiliaryStorageDevice Central Processing Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Control Unit RAM

Components of Computers Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Control Unit Memory Unit Memory Unit Memory Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) Read Only Memory (ROM) Input and Output Devices Input and Output Devices Storage Devices Storage Devices

The Central Processing Unit The CPU is like the brain of the computer. The CPU is like the brain of the computer. It organizes the instructions provided by the user or the software. It organizes the instructions provided by the user or the software. The CPU consists of three parts namely, Arithmetic and logic unit, Control Unit and Memory Unit. The CPU consists of three parts namely, Arithmetic and logic unit, Control Unit and Memory Unit.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit All operations in a computer are performed by the arithmetic and logic unit. All operations in a computer are performed by the arithmetic and logic unit. It performs two types of operations, Arithmetic and Logical. It performs two types of operations, Arithmetic and Logical. Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations are and =. Logical operations are and =.

Control Unit The control unit (CU) controls the flow of data from the main memory to the ALU and from the ALU to the main memory. The control unit (CU) controls the flow of data from the main memory to the ALU and from the ALU to the main memory. It is the stage manager of the whole concert. It is the stage manager of the whole concert.

Memory or Primary Storage There are two types of primary storage namely, There are two types of primary storage namely, Random Access Memory (RAM) and, Random Access Memory (RAM) and, Read Only Memory (ROM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

Memory or Primary Storage

Random Access Memory RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory that is also known as volatile memory, because the data it holds is lost when the desktop PC or laptop/notebook computer using it is switched off. Briefly, RAM memory is used by the system to store data in the form of files for processing by a computer's central processing unit (CPU), also known as the processor. RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory that is also known as volatile memory, because the data it holds is lost when the desktop PC or laptop/notebook computer using it is switched off. Briefly, RAM memory is used by the system to store data in the form of files for processing by a computer's central processing unit (CPU), also known as the processor.desktop PClaptop/notebook computerprocessordesktop PClaptop/notebook computerprocessor

Types of RAM SRAM Short for static random access memory, and pronounced ess-ram. SRAM is a type of memory that is faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM (dynamic RAM). The term static is derived from the fact that it doesn't need to be refreshed like dynamic RAM. SRAM Short for static random access memory, and pronounced ess-ram. SRAM is a type of memory that is faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM (dynamic RAM). The term static is derived from the fact that it doesn't need to be refreshed like dynamic RAM. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory, a type of memory used in most personal computers. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory, a type of memory used in most personal computers.

Read Only Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) is that memory which contains a set of start-up instructions called the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) for the computer. Read Only Memory (ROM) is that memory which contains a set of start-up instructions called the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) for the computer. It is non-volatile i.e. it holds data when the computer is turned off. It is non-volatile i.e. it holds data when the computer is turned off.

Types of ROM PROM short for programmable read-only memory A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROM's retain their contents when the computer is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM. PROM short for programmable read-only memory A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROM's retain their contents when the computer is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM. EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only electricity to be erased. EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM, but requires only electricity to be erased. EEPROM- Acronym for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Pronounced double-ee- prom or e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. EEPROM- Acronym for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Pronounced double-ee- prom or e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off.

Input and Output Devices The Devices used to enter data into a computer are called Input Devices, while those used to retrieve data from the computer are called Output Devices. The Devices used to enter data into a computer are called Input Devices, while those used to retrieve data from the computer are called Output Devices.

Input Devices Keyboard Keyboard Mouse Mouse Joystick Joystick Scanner Scanner Digital Camera Digital Camera Microphone Microphone Touch Screen Touch Screen Bar Code Reader Bar Code Reader

Keyboard The keyboard is a way to input letters or numbers into different applications or programs. A keyboard also has special keys that help operate the computer.

Mouse The mouse is used to open and close files, navigate web sites, and click on a lot of commands (to tell the computer what to do) when using different applications. The mouse is used to open and close files, navigate web sites, and click on a lot of commands (to tell the computer what to do) when using different applications.

Joystick A joystick is used to move the cursor from place to place, and to click on various items in programs. A joystick is used mostly for computer games. A joystick is used to move the cursor from place to place, and to click on various items in programs. A joystick is used mostly for computer games.

Scanner A scanner is used to copy pictures or other things and save them as files on the computer. A scanner is used to copy pictures or other things and save them as files on the computer.

Digital Camera A digital camera can be used to take pictures. It can be hooked up to a computer to transfer the pictures from the camera to the computer. Some digital cameras hold a floppy disk, and the floppy disk can be taken out of the camera and put directly into the computer. A digital camera can be used to take pictures. It can be hooked up to a computer to transfer the pictures from the camera to the computer. Some digital cameras hold a floppy disk, and the floppy disk can be taken out of the camera and put directly into the computer.

Microphone A microphone is used to record sound. The sound is then saved as a sound file on the computer. A microphone is used to record sound. The sound is then saved as a sound file on the computer.

Touch Screen A touch screen is a computer screen or other screen that you can touch with your finger to enter information. Examples of touch screens include a smart board, a microwave, a dishwasher, or an ATM at a bank. A touch screen is a computer screen or other screen that you can touch with your finger to enter information. Examples of touch screens include a smart board, a microwave, a dishwasher, or an ATM at a bank.

Barcode Reader A bar code scanner scans a little label that has a bar code on it. The information is then saved on the computer. Bar code scanners are used in libraries a lot. A bar code scanner scans a little label that has a bar code on it. The information is then saved on the computer. Bar code scanners are used in libraries a lot.