Population-migration/urban problems

Explain the following terms:  Emigration  Immigration  Refugee  Asylum seeker  Donor country  Host country  Push factors  Pull factors  Barriers to migration  Forced/voluntary  Internal  International

Effects of rural –urban migration(developed) BMW-GDA-  BRAINDRAIN-ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE AGE GROUP LEAVING.GREYING POP LEFT BEHIND-rural depopulation  AMALGATION OF SERVICES- P.O,SCHOOLS,BUSES  ABANDONMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND  LOWERING BIRTH,MARRIAGE RATES  POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISOLATION  Remember push factors  URBAN SPRAWL-growth of dormitory towns (few high rise buildings in Dublin)-commuters  Increased cost of living  TRAFFIC CONGESTION  PRESSURE ON SERVICES  HIGH POPULATION DENSITY  ECONOMIC IMBALANCE  INWARD MIGRATION OF YOUNG,SKILLED WORKERS.  Remember pull factors

Effects of rural-urban migration(developing) Rural IndiaKolkata  Migration of young people,elderly left behind.  Less pressure on the land  Lowering of marriage and birth rates  Rural depopulation  Growth of mega cities- Mumbai(20m),Kolkata(16m)  Urban sprawl  Pressure on services- water,sewage,refuse, transport.  Development of bustees/pavement dwellers- very high poulation density  Child labour  Social stratification

Impact of migration on donor and host countries-positive DonorHost  Remittance home- especially poorer countries.  Bringing home learnt skills- benefit local economy eg.medicine-nurses doctors,education etc  Solution to unemployment in donor country,less people on social welfare.  Need workers -skills shortage(nurses),unskilled workers lower paid(waitresses) Ireland 2005 needed 45,000-construction workers.  New market for businesses here-taxes,need services goods etc.  Ethnic diversity-multicultural society, enhance us less conservative

Negative effects DonorHost  Braindrain of best skilled,young eg.Poland one doctor skilled in particular area nobody to replace.  Smaller home market-ones with disposable income  Rural depopulation-leading to closure of services for pop left behind.  Pressure on services(hospitals)  Exploitation-lower paid etc-Irish ferries  Integration-racism  Schools-language  Also see notes on economic & cultural effects of membership of E.U.

Urban problems Urban sprawlTraffic congestion

Urban problems and solutions pg:  Traffic congestion  Urban sprawl,urban decay and the absence of community  Heritage issues  Environmental quality

Traffic movement and congestion-causes pg.87/88  Inadequate public transport system-needs to be integrated  Car dependent society,Increase in car ownership-Dublin pop of 1.6 million-most heavily populated county in Ireland- nodal/ focal point(over 402 cars per 1,000 people in Ireland)  Economic growth-greater number of H.G.V  Commuters-dormitory towns(highest rate in E.U)-urban sprawl-cost of living in Dublin  Effects-social,economic,environmental problems- noise,safety,loss of profits,air pollution

Strategies /solutions  Congestion charge-london 2003(reduced traffic by 30%)  Permit system-mexico city-no drive days depending on digit of your plate-unsuccessful  Strategies in Ireland under planning : Transport 21( ) and N.D.P.

Solutions cont.  Traffic management methods: Ban on HGV through Dublin city centre at certain times Port tunnel(2006) Removal of toll on M50 Widening/upgrading of M50 New interchange at red cow roundabout Other measures-roundabouts,by- passes,park and ride

Solutions cont.  A well Integrated efficient,reliable and cheap public transport system contributes to lowering traffic congestion- Luas(2004),Dart,Bus lanes-QBC,Metro North(postponed due to downturn in the economy) New leap card Cycle to work scheme,bicycle lanes Bike rental operation-Dublin Bikes-self service bike rental system-42 stations,pay using a smartcard-extremely successful. Dublin Bike RentalDublin Bike Rental

Urban sprawl-pg.91,92  Urban sprawl is the rapid spread of housing from cities into the surrounding countryside.  2006 Dublin was cited by the E.E.A as an example of the worst case of urban planning.  Dublin has nearly the same surface area as Los Angeles (4 million pop).  Copenhagen has ½ land area of Dublin yet the same pop-Dublin has 8 houses per hectare-low compared to Europe.  Dublin “all over Leinster”

Urban sprawl  Reasons for urban sprawl-  Rural to urban migration  Immigration  Economic growth  Increase in car ownership-commuter belt.  Overspill of pop need to be accomodated

Urban sprawl-consequences  Rezoned farmland-new ”cash crop” during the boom.land on the edge is rezoned for residential,commercial and industrial use.Small villages on edge swallowed up-Tallaght and Swords.Division between rural and urban becomes blurred.  Monotonous suburban area-Concrete jungle of housing estates.  Increased traffic congestion-from commuter belt.  Pressure on services-waste disposal,sewerage,telecommunications and water supplies.

Consequences of sprawl for rural areas.  Loss of agricultural land  Loss of wildlife habitats  Loss of ancient monuments and historic landscapes(carrickmines castle m50)  Growth of dormitory towns.

Urban problems Urban decayAbsence of community

Urban problems Urban decayAbsence of community  Old inner city buildings in need of demolition or repair.  Many problems- heating,damp,unemploym ent,crime,vandalism.anti social behaviour  New sprawling housing estates-young move, older left behind-ageing population-leading to areas of urban decay.  Commuters too tired to get involved in community in housing estates-some of these now “ghost estates”

Solutions to urban problems Urban renewalUrban redevelopment  Replaces,upgrades decaying buildings,landuse is not changed.  Case study-Ballymun pg.90,98  Moyross in limerick  People rehoused, old buildings demolished and rebuilt for commercial use.  Paris –schema directeur  Docklands in most cities- quays in Waterford IFSC in Dublin along the Quays.  NDP and NSS-gateways and hubs

solutions Ballymun regenerationParis-schema directeur

Urban solutions National spatial strategy Balanced regional development Gateways and hubs New towns- Adamstown