Special Diets Instructions for those with different diseases that affect nutritional concerns.

Diabetes Glucose Receptor Insulin The pancreas supplies insulin which causes the receptors to be able to take up glucose into the cells. This is a normal functioning pancreas.

Diabetes Type I Glucose Receptor Insulin Those with Diabetes type I do not produce insulin, so therefore glucose is not absorbed or utilized. This causes high levels of glucose to remain in the blood and urine. _no_50_no_0.htm

Diabetes Type II Glucose Receptor Insulin Those with type II diabetes have insulin made by their pancreas, but it is not utilized correctly or there are not enough receptors. It does not unlock the receptors to take up that glucose within the body.

Diabetes Symptoms –Symptoms of this disease include: excessive thirst and urination hunger weight loss –Over the long term, kidney problems, kidney problems, pain due to nerve damage blindness heart and blood vessel disease.

Diabetes Treatment – dietary changes –exercise –oral medication Many who develop type 2 diabetes are overweight, thus having a decreased responsiveness to insulin.

Diabetes Those with diabetes need to: –Eat about the same amount of food each day. –Eat your meals and snacks at about the same times each day. –Do not skip meals or snacks. –Take your medicines at the same times each day. –Exercise at about the same times each day.

Hypoglycemia This is where your body produces TOO MUCH insulin –This is treated in much the same way as diabetes – orials/hypoglycemia/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm orials/hypoglycemia/htm/_no_50_no_0. htmhttp:// orials/hypoglycemia/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm

High Blood Pressure When your heart has to use more force than it should to get the blood and nutrients to where they need to go. –Thick blood due to dehydration –Fatty deposits in the vessels causing a “traffic jam” –Stress causes increased muscle tension around the vessels squeezing them shut

High Blood Pressure Eat a balanced diet –Low fat –Reduce the amount of sodium intake Maintain a healthy weight Decrease stress/ Relax/ Sleep

Celiac disease The lining of the small intestine is damaged from eating gluten and other proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.

Gastrointestinal symptoms: Abdominal pain Bloating, gas, indigestion Constipation Diarrhea, chronic or occasional Decreased appetite Stools that float, are foul smelling, bloody, or “fatty” Unexplained weight loss Lactose intolerance Nausea and vomiting The symptoms of celiac disease can vary significantly from person to person.

Metabolic Disorders Hyperthyroidism –caused by an overactive thyroid gland. which increases the person's basal metabolic rate (BMR). which increases the person's basal metabolic rate (BMR). – symptoms: weight loss, weight loss, increased heart rate blood pressure, protruding eyes, swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid (goiter). swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid (goiter).

Metabolic Disorders Hypothyroidism –a nonexistent or underactive thyroid gland –it results from a developmental problem or a destructive disease of the thyroid. – a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is low. Not getting treatment for hypothyroidism can lead to brain and growth problems.

Hypothyroidism –Symptoms slows body processes and causes fatigue, slow heart rate, excessive weight gain, and constipation. –Teens with this condition can be treated with oral thyroid hormone to achieve normal levels in the body.

Lactose Intolerance condition in which lactase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolization of lactose (a constituent of milk and other dairy products), is not produced in adulthood. Symptoms –Increased amounts of gas (flatulents and bloating) –Stomach cramps –Diarrhea Treatment –Avoid lactose products –Alternate dairy products –Lactase-enzyme meds

Pregnancy It is especially important to have a balanced diet according to the food pyramid. Doctor also suggest to make sure that a pregnant woman gets enough: –Calcium – for bone growth –Iron – makes hemoglobin in the blood –Folic Acid (Folate) – helps prevent some birth defects

Vegetarians Types of Vegetarianism –ovo-vegetarian - eats eggs; no meat –lacto-ovo vegetarian - eats dairy and egg products; no meat –lacto-vegetarian - eats dairy products; no eggs or meat –vegan - eats only food from plant sources

Vegetarians Vegetarians often lack certain vitamins and minerals from their diet that are needed to be supplemented: –vitamin B12 –vitamin D –calcium –protein –iron –zinc

Athletes During times of high-intensity training, adequate energy needs to be consumed to: –maintain body weight –maximize the training effects –maintain health Low-energy intakes can result in: –loss of muscle mass –menstrual dysfunction –loss or failure to gain bone density –increased risk of fatigue, injury, and illness.

Athletes Carbohydrates –important to maintain blood-glucose levels during exercise and to replace muscle glycogen. –Recommendations for athletes range from 6 to 10 g/kg body weight per day. –The amount required depends upon: athlete’s total daily energy expenditure, type of sport performed, sex of the athlete, and environmental conditions.

Athletes Protein –endurance athletes are 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg body weight per day, – resistance and strength-trained athletes may be as high as 1.6 to 1.7 g/kg body weight per day. –This can generally be met through diet alone, without the use of protein or amino acid supplements!

Athlete Before exercise, a meal or snack should provide: –sufficient fluid to maintain hydration, –be relatively low in fat and fiber –be relatively high in carbohydrate to maximize maintenance of blood glucose, –be moderate in protein –be composed of foods familiar and well tolerated