ENGLISH SYNTAX Introduction to Transformational Grammar

Overview Overview Four Structures & Classification of Sentence

There are four types of syntatic structure: a) Structures of modification consist of two immediate constituents, a head and a modifier. The head may be any of the parts of speech, certain function words, or any of the four structures. The modifier may be any of the four parts of speech, a prepositional phrase, or various other structures, including the included clause. M  H H  M b) Structure of predication consist of two immidiate constituents a subject and a predicate. The predicate consists of a verb alone, or some structure in which a verb is prominent, such as verb heanded structure of modification, a structure of complementation, or a structure of coordination whose constituents are verbs or verb-headed structure. S P V

c) Structure of complementation consist of two immediate constituents, a verbal elelment and a complement. The verbal element may be a simple verb or one of variuos kinds of verb-headed structures. Verbal elements are classified as linking, intransitive, and transitive. Intransitive verbal elements may be predicates, but they do not appear in structures of complementation. Complements appearing with linking verbs are subjective complements; they may be any of the four parts of speech, prepositional phrases, or more complex structures, up to included clauses. Verbal element C compliment d) Structures of coordination have two or more immediate constituents, which are syntactically equivalent units joined in a structure which functions as a single unit. coordinator coordinator

There are three kinds of sentences classified according to position in conversation: a) A situation-sentence is one that begins a conversation. it may also follow a call, greeting, conversation. it may also follow a call, greeting, exclamation, or the stereotyped response to one of exclamation, or the stereotyped response to one of these. these. b) A sequence-sentence is one that continues a conversation without change of speaker. A series of conversation without change of speaker. A series of sequence-sentences constitutes continuous discourse. sequence-sentences constitutes continuous discourse. c) A response-sentence is one that continues a conversation with a change of speaker. conversation with a change of speaker.

ENGLISH SYNTAX Introduction to Transformational Grammar (Noah Chomsky)

Basic Principal of TG Transformational Generative Grammar or TGG (sometime abbreviate as TG) is a theory, initiated by Noah Chomsky, of a process of how language created by human from the brain to spoken or written form. Transformational Generative Grammar or TGG (sometime abbreviate as TG) is a theory, initiated by Noah Chomsky, of a process of how language created by human from the brain to spoken or written form. From this point emerged the terms of what so called as Deep Structure and Surface Structure From this point emerged the terms of what so called as Deep Structure and Surface Structure

Deep and Surface Structure Deep structure would contain all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence. Deep structure would contain all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence. Surface structure is the structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written Surface structure is the structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written

Deep and Surface Structure Deep structure is the process occurred in human brain or mind. It is an abstract process that associated to human intention to create certain expressions or sentences. Deep structure is the process occurred in human brain or mind. It is an abstract process that associated to human intention to create certain expressions or sentences. Surface structure is the form of language or sentence that as the result of deep structure. Surface structure is the form of language or sentence that as the result of deep structure.

Deep and Surface Structure How the process from a deep structure to become a surface structure that would need a process called “generate” or generative. How the process from a deep structure to become a surface structure that would need a process called “generate” or generative. Here Chomsky stated his theory by using “tree diagram” to formulate or generate from the deep structure (DS) to surface structure (SS). Here Chomsky stated his theory by using “tree diagram” to formulate or generate from the deep structure (DS) to surface structure (SS). To formulate or generate DS  SS To formulate or generate DS  SS needs Phrase Structure Rules (PSR) needs Phrase Structure Rules (PSR)

Phrase Structure Rules (PSR) Example of PSR S (Sentence)  NP Aux VP Aux  TM(T= Tense; M=Modal) M  will, can, may, must … T  Present Past NP  Det. Adj. P (N Pron.) VP  V NP PP PP  P NP

Generating DS  SS Example: S : My Sister will study English in Jakarta PSR: S  NP Aux VP Aux  TM M  will T  Present NP  Det N VP  V NP PP PP  P NP DS  SS ?

Generating DS  SS S : My Sister will study English in Jakarta DS:S NP Aux VP NP Aux VP Det N T M V NP PP My Sister Pres Will Study English P NP in Jakarta Surface Structure

Generating DS  SS Three Branches tree diagram Three Branches tree diagram ( like the example above ) S NP Aux VP NP Aux VP Two Branches tree diagram ( the simple way ) Two Branches tree diagram ( the simple way ) S NP VP NP VP

Generating DS  SS Exercise: He brought a lady Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) S  NP VP NP  Pron. VP  V NP NP  art N DS  SS ?

Generating DS  SS DS:S NP VP Pron VNP He broughtart N a lady DS

Deep and Surface Structure Exercise Generate the sentences by using two branches tree diagram! The new book looks expensive The new book looks expensive The passengers get tired of waiting The passengers get tired of waiting

Generating DS  SS The new book looks expensive The new book looks expensive Generate with two branches tree diagram Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) S  NP VP NP  Det. NP NP  adj. N NP  adj. N VP  V adj.P DS  SS ?

Generating DS  SS S: The new book looks expensive DS:S NP VP Det V adjP The looks adj expensive new book NP N

Generating DS  SS The passengers get tired of waiting The passengers get tired of waiting Generate with two branches tree diagram Generate with two branches tree diagram PSR: (in detail) PSR: (in detail) S  NP VP NP  art. NP VP  V Adj.P Adj.P  Adj. PP PP  P V DS  SS ?

Generating DS  SS S: The passengers get tired of waiting DS:S NP VP art V adjP The get passengers adj N PP tired P V of waiting