1. Theories of Linguistics Developer TraditionalPlato to Aristotle StructuralLeonard Bloomfield Ferdinand de Saussure Prague TransformationalNoam Chomsky

2. Transformational Grammar Transformational grammar is developed by Noam Chomsky “Syntactic Structure” (1957). The main purpose of this theory is to construct or arrange of grammar of any language (Kridalaksana, 2007:364). The transformational grammar is abbreviated to TG (Robin, 1964:276). Transformational grammar, also called Transformational- generative Grammar, a system of language analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are called transformations) to express these relationships. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

3. For example, transformational grammar relates the active sentence “John read the book” with its corresponding passive, “The book was read by John.” The statement “George saw Mary” is related to the corresponding questions, “Whom [or who] did George see?” and “Who saw Mary?

4. Chomsky uses competence (kemampuan) and performance (perbuatan).  Competence is the knowledge of the language user.  Performance is the user of the language in the real condition. And performance is to be the main object for this transformational grammar theory.

5. Generative Grammar The set of rules that will produce or generate, the diagram. S NP VP S NP + VP

6. Phrase-Structure Rules S  NP + VP VP  Vi + PP / be + Adj NP  NP + (S) NP  D + N PP  Prep + NP D  the N  boy, park Vi  ran Prep  to Adv  down

7. Deep and Surface Structure We can use the term deep and surface structure to refer respectively to the abstract structure and to the actual produced structure (Wardhaugh, 1977:118).

8. The old house fell down has two abstract meanings: The house was old and House fell down. Deep structure [The house [the house was old] fell down] Relative transformation [The house [which was old] fell down] Be- deletion transformation [The house [old] fell down] Adjective movement transformation The old house fell down Surface structure

9. Generative Transformational Grammar S NPVP NP S Vi Adv Felldown D N NP VP The house D N be Adj the house was old [the house [the house was old] fell down]