SKULL / CRANIUM MANDIBLE CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RIB CAGE STERNUM SKELETON SKULL / CRANIUM MANDIBLE CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS RIB CAGE STERNUM ULNA RADIUS SPINE ILIUM CARPALS METACARPALS PHALANGES FEMUR PATELLA FIBULA TIBIA TARSALS METATARSALS PHALANGES

BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS BRAIN ALL THE YELLOW BONES ARE CALLED ‘FLAT BONES ALL THE BLUE BONES ARE CALLED ‘IRREGULAR BONES’ THIS IS BECAUSE THEY ARE A STRANGE SHAPE THESE BONES HELP TO PROTECT OUR VITAL ORGANS. SUCH AS; HEART AND LUNGS ALL THE RED BONES ARE CALLED ‘SHORT BONES’ THEY ALLOW US TO DO FINE MOVEMENTS INTESTINES ALL THE GREEN BONES ARE CALLED ‘LONG BONES’ BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS HERE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS PROTECTION BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION SHAPE AND SUPPORT BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONS MOVEMENT

CARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint CARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint. It reduces friction and protects the bone by acting as a buffer A SYNOVIAL JOINT IS A FREELY MOVABLE JOINT SUCH AS THE KNEE, SHOULDER, HIP AND ELBOW SYNOVIAL FLUID This is found within the joint and it acts like oil by lubricating the ends of the bone. It prevents friction SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE This secretes the Synovial fluid LIGAMENTS are tough bands of fibrous tissue. They hold bones together at the joint. They limit movement and prevent dislocation

TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS BODY PART MOVEMENT ALL DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, FLEXION, EXTENSION ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION BALL AND SOCKET HIP OR SHOULDER HINGE KNEE OR ELBOW FLEXION / EXTENSION PIVOT SPINE/NECK JOINT ROTATION FLEXION, EXTENSION, ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, ROTATION CONDYLOID WRIST GLIDING TARSALS / CARPALS A LITTLE IN ALL DIRECTIONS LEFT/RIGHT FORWARDS/BACKWARDS SADDLE THUMB

Types of movement FLEXION EXTENSION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. BENDING KNEE / ELBOW. EXTENSION WHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG. ADDUCTION MOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE BODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYS ABDUCTION MOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM BACK DOWN. Types of movement

THE SPINAL COLUMN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE 7 OF THESE MAKE UP THE NECK THE SPINAL COLUMN THORACIC VERTEBRAE 12 OF THESE AND THE RIBS ATTACH TO THEM PURPOSES OF THE SPINE MOVEMENT LUMBAR VERTEBRAE THERE ARE 5 OF THESE SHAPE SUPPORT PROTECT SPINAL CORD SACCRUM THIS IS TRIANGULAR SHAPED COCCYX DOES NOTHING NOW BUT USED TO BE THE TAIL

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY MUSCLES OF THE BODY DELTOIDS PECTORALS TRAPEZIUS BICEPS TRICEPS ABDOMINALS GASTROCNEMIUS (BACK OF LEG) GLUTEALS QUADRICEPS LATISSIMUS DORSI HAMSTRINGS

Muscle types and actions TYPES OF MUSCLES Muscle types and actions THERE ARE THREE TYPES VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY CARDIAC VOLUNTARY MUSCLES ARE ONES THAT WE CAN CONTROL SUCH AS BICEPS AND TRICEPS WHEN DOING A PRESS UP OR QUADS AND HAMSTRINGS DURING A SQUAT. THEY ARE ATTACHED TO BONES AND ARE ALSO CALLED STRIPED OR SKELETAL CARDIAC MUSCLE THESE FORM THE WALLS OF THE HEART AND WORK AUTOMATICALLY THROUGHOUT LIFE. THEY HAVE THEIR OWN BLOOD SUPPLY INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES ARE THE ONES WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP PUSH THE BLOOD AND MUSCLES IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINE AND GUT WHICH PUSH THE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED SMOOTH MUSCLES

MUSCLE INFORMATION FAST TWITCH FIBRES SLOW TWITCH FIBRES SYNERGISTS THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G. FAST TWITCH FIBRES 100 METRES, SHOT. SLOW TWITCH FIBRES THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G. LONG DISTANCE OR MARATHON RUNNERS MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO TWO DIFFERENT BONES BY TENDONS. ONLY ONE OF THESE BONES WILL MOVE WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS AGONISTS OR PRIME MOVERS THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT CONTRACT (SHORTEN) WHEN A JOINT MOVES. ANTAGONIST THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT RELAX (LENGTHEN) WHEN A LIMB MOVES. THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE SHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOW SYNERGISTS

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE STAYS AT THE SAME LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. PUSHING AGAINST AN IMMOVABLE OBJECT THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE CHANGES LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. A BICEP CURL. AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES MUSCLE FATIGUE MUSCLE ATROPHY CRAMP THIS IS WHEN YOU USE YOUR MUSCLES TOO MUCH AND THEY DO NOT GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. THEY BECOME TIRED AND FATIGUED THIS IS WHEN YOU DON’T USE YOUR MUSCLES ENOUGH. THEY GET SMALLER A SUDDEN CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT WON’T RELAX

Skeleton and muscle exam tips TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TO BONE LIGAMENTS LINK BONE TO BONE REMEMBER YOUR ACHILLES TENDON Skeleton and muscle exam tips SKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPS WHEN DESCRIBING WHERE A MUSCLE OR A BONE IS, ALWAYS; STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS FRONT, SIDE, BACK, TOP. ALSO SAY WHAT THEY LIE BETWEEN. FOR EXAMPLE; ‘THE BICEP IS ON THE FRONT OF THE UPPER ARM BETWEEN THE SHOULDER AND THE ELBOW.’ ‘ OR; ‘THE FEMUR IS IN THE UPPER LEG BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE KNEE.’

CONNECTIVE TISSUE ORIGIN TENDONS INSERTION LIGAMENTS CARTILAGE

POSTURE THIS IS THE WAY THAT WE HOLD OUR BODY GOOD POSTURE MEANS A STRAIGHT SPINE AND A HEALTHIER BODY. IT CAN BE HELPED BY SITTING AND WALKING WITH A STRAIGHT SPINE, BY EXERCISING, LIFTING THINGS PROPERLY AND WEARING THE CORRECT CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR