1. The muscular system

2. Aims of the session To recap on the skeletal system.
To understand the structure and function of synovial joints.
To understand the anatomy of a joint.
To introduce the muscular system listing all major muscle groups.
To know what muscles fibres are and how they contract helping the body to move.

3. Recap on the skeletal system
List the functions of the skeletal system.
What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone?
What are the four types of bones in our bodies?
What type of bone is the cranium?

4. The anatomy of a synovial joint
Synovial joints are simply joints in our bodies that help us to move. They are called synovial joints because they have a pocket of synovial fluid between them that helps lubrication during motion.
There are six synovial joints, can you name them?

5. Synovial joints in the body
Gliding
Hinge
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket
Pivot

6. Gliding Joint Two flat surfaces slide against one another
allows only limited side to side, back and forward movements
Carpal to carpal

7. Hinge Joint Allows only flexion and extension humerus to ulna
phalange to phalange
femur to tibia
lower leg to talus

8. Condyloid Joint
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and limited circumduction
forearm to carpals
femur to tibia

9. Saddle Joint
Only found at base of thumb joint Allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
metacarpal and trapezium

10. Ball And Socket Joint
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
scapula to humerus
hip to femur

11. Pivot Joint
Allows rotation only
Radius to ulna

12. Task one
On your paper draw movement of each synovial joints.
Example!
ABDUCTION

13. The basic anatomy of a joint
A joint is when two bones meet.
The two bones (joint) is made stable by ligaments that attach to both of the bones.
Cartilage is formed at the end of the bones to reduce friction (bones rubbing together) and causing injury.
Synovial fluid is sandwiched between the bones to help lubrication when the bones are rubbing together.

14. Diagram of a joint (anterior)

15. Diagram of a joint (anterio posterior)

16. Warm-up questions joints
What are the six synovial joints in the body?
What movement occurs are a ball and socket joint?
What protects the bones from rubbing together?
What joint allows rotation movement only.

17. Introduction to the muscular system
Muscle can only pull, they cannot push.
Muscles attach to the bone through tendons.
Muscles are constructed of fibres, there are two types o fibres (slow twitch and fast twitch).
Sprinters are said to have more fast twitch fibres, and long distances runners are to have more slow twitch fibres.

18. Diagram showing the major muscle groups

19. Classifications of muscles
There are three types of muscle you need to know.
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle

20. Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart. Not under our control
The muscle cells look like one big line

21. Smooth muscle The muscle cells are spindle shaped.
Located around the major organs.
Muscle is not under our control.

22. Skeletal muscle Muscle is attached to the bone via tendons.
The muscle cell is spindle formed and consists of fibres the overlap.
When electricity is induced to the muscle fibres they become shorter.
The muscles cells are voluntary, (under our control).

23. Using muscles Muscle fatigue Muscle atrophy Cramp
When your using your muscles a lot and they don’t get enough oxygen, they become tired or FATIGUED.
Muscle atrophy
If you don’t use your muscles enough they become smaller and wasted, this is called MUSCLE ATROPHY.
Cramp
A sudden contraction of a muscles that wont relax, caused by a lack of blood supply to the muscle.

24. The sliding filament theory
The sliding filament theory is very complex, but can be simplified by thinking of the muscles like a giant comb, the teeth of the come are the muscle fibres and when the muscle contracts these fibres overlap pulling the tendons together making the muscle shorter.

25. Antagonistic - agonist
Muscles can only pull, because of this they must work in pairs.
When one muscle contracts to move the skeletal system this is called agonist.
The muscle that relaxes is called the antagonist.

26. The purpose of tendons
Tendons are formed at the end of the muscles and attach the muscle to the bone allowing the body to move.

27. The purpose of ligaments
Ligaments are designed to support joints by attaching to both bones making the joint secure during twisting and stretching movements during sport.

28. Types of muscle contraction
Isometric contraction
Muscle stays the length, its like trying to move an immoveable object.
Isotonic contraction
When the muscles move and (become shorter and longer) just like weight lifting.

29. Warm-up questions Can muscles pull?
How are muscles attached to the skeletal system?
What are the three kinds of muscle?
What are the pair of muscle groups in the upper leg called?
What is the theory called that allows muscular contraction?

30. Extended reading www.bbc/bitesizelearning/pe.com
GCSE Physical education; complete revision and practice.