 Background - From Germany (poor) - Entered a monastery - Became a priest

 Religious Beliefs a. Justification by Faith - people could obtain forgiveness of their sin through God’s grace b. Bible was the final authority on religious matters / not the pope c. Urged people to the read the Bible for themselves / later he translated the Bible into German

d. Condemned the sale of indulgences - Pope Leo X - Buy forgiveness for sins - Certificate that stated a person was forgiven for past sin, future sin, or sins of a dead relative

 95 Thesis a. Document that officially criticized the church abuses b. nailed to the church doors at Wittenberg c. Was excommunicated by Pope Leo X d. Was ordered to recant – he refused e. Was condemned as a heretic f. Went into hiding in a castle (Prince Frederick) – escaped being burned at the stake

 Lutheranism a. Religion created by Martin Luther b. Encouraged the use of hymns c. Approved marriage of church priest d. Biblical preaching rather than rituals e. Vernacular rather than Latin

 John Calvin A.France B.Predestination – God determined a person’s life past, present, future C.Consistory – council that governed the lives of Calvinist, inspected homes and severally punished people who disobeyed religious teachings D.By 1600, Calvinist churches were well established all across Europe

 John Knox a. Follower of John Calvin b. Founder of Presbyterian

 Anabaptist a. Only adult members b. People could choose to become Christians (Catholics baptized babies) c. Refused to hold office, bear arms, swear oaths d. Separation of church and state