Immune 2 Renal 1 Renal 2 Misc. Immune

QUESTION: What is the functional unit of the kidney? ANSWER: Nephron

QUESTION: Name two types of nephrons. ANSWER: Cortical Juxtamedullary

QUESTION: What are the three protective layers surrounding the kidney? ANSWER: Renal fascia Perirenal fat capsule Fibrous capsule

QUESTION: Name the parts of the renal tubule. ANSWER: PCT Descending LOH Ascending LOH DCT Collecting ducts

QUESTION: Trace the blood flow through the nephron. ANSWER: Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta

QUESTION: What do the cells in the PCT look like? ANSWER: Microvilli Mitochondria

QUESTION: What is the function of the DCT? ANSWER: Secretion

QUESTION: What is the function of intercalated cells and principal cells? ANSWER: Intercalated – Maintain acid-base balance Principal – Water and salt regulation

QUESTION: Describe how the myogenic mechanism works. ANSWER: When blood pressure goes up, afferent arterioles constrict to slow down GFR When blood pressure goes down, afferent arterioles dilate to speed up GFR

QUESTION: What are the three stages of urine formation? ANSWER: Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

QUESTION: What is the defining characteristic of NK cells? ANSWER: Not phagocytic

QUESTION: Name the three layers of the filtration membrane. ANSWER: Capillary endothelium Basement membrane Podocyte

QUESTION: Name three hormones in the renal system and what they do. ANSWER: Parathyroid hormone – regulates calcium levels ADH – water regulation Aldosterone – sodium regulation

QUESTION: What are the four stages of phagocyte mobilization? ANSWER: Leukocytosis Margination Diapedesis Chemotaxis

QUESTION: Describe how the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism works. ANSWER: When salt levels are high, macula densa cells of JGA release vasoconstricting chemical Afferent arteriole constricts, GFR decreases

QUESTION: Name two barriers in the first line of defense. ANSWER: Skin Mucous membranes

QUESTION: Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of defense. ANSWER: Macrophages Neutrophils Natural killer cells Phagocytes

QUESTION: What are two signs of the inflammatory response? ANSWER: Swelling Redness Heat Pain

QUESTION: Name two characteristics of the adaptive immune system. ANSWER: Antigen specific Systemic Has memory

QUESTION: What does SCID and AIDS stand for? ANSWER: Severe combined immunodeficiency Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

QUESTION: Where do T-cells and B-cells mature? ANSWER: Thymus Bone marrow

QUESTION: How can an organism acquire immunity actively? ANSWER: Having an infection Vaccinations

QUESTION: What is one type of passive immunity? ANSWER: Donor antibodies Mother’s antibodies

QUESTION: What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?” ANSWER: Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC)

QUESTION: What is one autoimmune disease? ANSWER: Rheumatoid arthritis Multiple sclerosis