1. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Chapter 26
The Urinary System
Clicker Questions

2. What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?
like urine, only more concentrated
similar to water
like urine, only less concentrated
similar to plasma, only no proteins
Answer: d

3. What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?
like urine, only more concentrated
similar to water
like urine, only less concentrated
similar to plasma, only no proteins

4. What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?
PCT
DCT
glomerular capillaries
nephron loop
Answer: a

5. What part of the nephron is involved with obligatory water, ion, and organic nutrient reabsorption?
PCT
DCT
glomerular capillaries
nephron loop

6. Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?
Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
Glomerular blood pressure is too low.
Glomerular filtration rate is too low.
Glomerular blood flow is too slow.
Answer: a

7. Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?
Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
Glomerular blood pressure is too low.
Glomerular filtration rate is too low.
Glomerular blood flow is too slow.

8. What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
the osmotic pressure of the blood
hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole
hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole
Answer: c

9. What is the major driving force behind filtrate production?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
the osmotic pressure of the blood
hydrostatic pressure in the afferent arteriole
hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole

10. Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?
The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.
Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.
E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.
The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.
Answer: a

11. Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?
The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.
Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.
E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.
The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than the efferent arteriole.

12. What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
It will decrease the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will raise the GFR and vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole.
None of the above are correct.
Answer: b

13. What effect does renin have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
It will decrease the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will increase the GFR and vasoconstrict the efferent arteriole.
It will raise the GFR and vasoconstrict the afferent arteriole.
None of the above are correct.

14. Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?
because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT
because filtration is taking place
because secretion of toxins and ions are actively secreted to waste at the PCT
because hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and sodium occurs in the PCT
Answer: a

15. Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?
because most reabsorption occurs at the PCT
because filtration is taking place
because secretion of toxins and ions are actively secreted to waste at the PCT
because hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and sodium occurs in the PCT

16. Why does the filtrate dilute all along the ascending loop?
A fatty acid here restricts water from leaving the filtrate.
Uric acid is produced in this area.
Water channels allow it to mix with the filtrate.
Sodium and chloride leave the ascending loop.
Answer: d

17. Why does the filtrate dilute all along the ascending loop?
A fatty acid here restricts water from leaving the filtrate.
Uric acid is produced here.
Water channels allow it to mix with the filtrate.
Sodium and chloride leave the ascending loop.

18. A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because _____.
it increases aldosterone secretion
it increases testosterone production
it increases ADH secretion
both A and C
Answer: d

19. A decrease in Na+ in the blood leads to an increase in blood pressure because _____.
it increases aldosterone secretion
it increases testosterone production
it increases ADH secretion
both A and C

20. Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Urea is transported out of the tubule.
Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.
The thick ascending limb is permeable to water.
Both A and B are correct.
Answer: b

21. Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop?
Urea is transported out of the tubule.
Na+ and CI– are actively transported out of the tubular fluid.
The thick ascending limb is permeable to water.
Both A and B are correct.

22. Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?
ureter and renal vein
renal capsule
renal capsule and renal sinus
both A and B
Answer: a

23. Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?
ureter and renal vein
renal capsule
renal capsule and renal sinus
both A and B

24. An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?
ureter and urethra
renal medulla and renal pelvis
renal medulla and urethra
renal pelvis and urinary bladder
Answer: d

25. An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?
ureter and urethra
renal medulla and renal pelvis
renal medulla and urethra
renal pelvis and urinary bladder

26. The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?
urogenital diaphragm
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
coccygeus
Answer: c

27. The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?
urogenital diaphragm
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
coccygeus

28. Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin
Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have?
liver disease
anorexia
ketonuria
renal infection
Answer: a

29. Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin
Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have?
liver disease
anorexia
ketonuria
renal infection

30. What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine?
increased urea
increased potassium
decreased fluid volume
both A and C
Answer: a

31. What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine?
increased urea
increased potassium
decreased fluid volume
both A and C

32. Which portion of a nephron is NOT in the renal cortex?
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
nephron loop
Answer: d

33. Which portion of a nephron is NOT in the renal cortex?
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
nephron loop

34. Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?
Bowman’s capsule
juxtaglomerular complex
PCT
nephron loop
Answer: b

35. Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?
Bowman’s capsule
juxtaglomerular complex
PCT
nephron loop

36. What happens when plasma glucose concentration exceeds its renal threshold?
Glomerular blood pressure increases.
Filtration shuts down.
Excess glucose is excreted in urine.
Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.
Answer: c

37. What happens when plasma glucose concentration exceeds its renal threshold?
Glomerular blood pressure increases.
Filtration shuts down.
Excess glucose is excreted in urine.
Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.

38. How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?
decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration
increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
increase volume; increase osmotic concentration
Answer: c

39. How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic concentration?
decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration
increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
increase volume; increase osmotic concentration

40. The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____
The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because _____.
the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs
the bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated
the DCT; water diffuses out
the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes
Answer: b

41. The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____
The concentration of filtrate is greatest in _____. This is because _____.
the PCT; the PCT is where most reabsorption occurs
the bottom of the nephron loop; solutes are concentrated
the DCT; water diffuses out
the glomerulus; it has highest concentration of solutes

42. Why would drinking seawater result in dehydration?
Seawater is 1000 mOsm/L compared to body fluids at 300 mOsm/L
Excess sodium taken into the body needs to be excreted, which requires water.
A potassium deficiency results.
Both A and B are correct.
Answer: d

43. Why would drinking seawater result in dehydration?
Seawater is 1000 mOsm/L compared to body fluids at 300 mOsm/L
Excess sodium taken into the body needs to be excreted, which requires water.
A potassium deficiency results.
Both A and B are correct.

44. How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different?
Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta.
Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.
Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops.
All of the above are correct.
Answer: c

45. How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different?
Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta.
Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.
Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops.
All of the above are correct.

46. What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?
K+ increases
K+ decreases
no effect
impossible to predict
Answer: a

47. What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?
K+ increases
K+ decreases
no effect
impossible to predict

48. All of the following EXCEPT _____ are effects of angiotensin II.
elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR
inhibition of ADH release
elevation of arterial pressure throughout the body
stimulation of Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
Answer: b

49. All of the following EXCEPT _____ are effects of angiotensin II.
elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR
inhibition of ADH release
elevation of arterial pressure throughout the body
stimulation of Na+ reabsorption in the DCT

50. What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system?
increasing specific gravity of urine
increasing the osmotic concentration of urine
returning water and solutes to general circulation
cleansing blood before it reenters systemic circulation
Answer: c

51. What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system?
increasing specific gravity of urine
increasing the osmotic concentration of urine
returning water and solutes to general circulation
cleansing blood before it reenters systemic circulation

52. What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?
produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
produces powerful vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries
produces dilation of the afferent arteriole
produces dilation of glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole
Answer: a

53. What direct effect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?
produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
produces powerful vasoconstriction of glomerular capillaries
produces dilation of the afferent arteriole
produces dilation of glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole