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Chapter 25A Urinary System A Slides by Barbara Heard and W. Rose.
HESC310 4/15/2017 Chapter 25A Urinary System A Slides by Barbara Heard and W. Rose. figures from Marieb & Hoehn 9th ed. Portions copyright Pearson Education Axial Skeleton
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Kidneys - major excretory organs
Urinary System Organs Kidneys - major excretory organs Ureters - transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder Urinary bladder - temporary storage reservoir for urine Urethra transports urine out of body © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.1 The urinary system.
Hepatic veins (cut) Esophagus (cut) Inferior vena cava Renal artery Adrenal gland Renal hilum Aorta Renal vein Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.
12th rib © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Kidney Functions Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water Regulating ECF ion concentrations Ensuring long-term acid-base balance Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Activation of vitamin D Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting
Kidney Functions Endocrine functions Renin - regulation of blood pressure Erythropoietin - regulation of RBC production Activation of vitamin D Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.
Anterior Inferior vena cava Aorta Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (organs removed) Supportive tissue layers Renal vein • Renal fascia anterior posterior Renal artery • Perirenal fat capsule • Fibrous capsule Body of vertebra L2 Body wall Posterior © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Internal anatomy of kidney
Urine flow: Renal pyramid minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter Renal hilum Renal cortex Renal medulla Major calyx Papilla of pyramid Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule Photograph of right kidney, frontal section Diagrammatic view
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Kidneys cleanse blood; adjust its composition
Blood and Nerve Supply Kidneys cleanse blood; adjust its composition Renal arteries deliver 20-25% of cardiac output (1200 ml/min) to kidneys Nerve supply via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.4a Blood vessels of the kidney.
Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Ureter Renal medulla Renal cortex Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.4b Blood vessels of the kidney.
Aorta Inferior vena cava Renal artery Renal vein Segmental artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Cortical radiate vein Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7) (b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Structural and functional units that form urine
Nephrons Structural and functional units that form urine > 1 million per kidney Two main parts Renal corpuscle Renal tubule © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Two parts of renal corpuscle
Glomerulus Tuft of capillaries; fenestrated endothelium highly porous allows filtrate formation Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) Cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons.
Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Glomerular capsule: parietal layer Basement membrane Ureter Podocyte Kidney Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus Renal corpuscle • Glomerular capsule Glomerular capsule: visceral layer • Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Apical microvilli Mitochondria Highly infolded basolateral membrane Proximal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule cells Cortex Apical side Medulla Basolateral side Thick segment Thin segment Distal convoluted tubule cells Nephron loop • Descending limb • Ascending limb Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells Collecting duct Principal cell Intercalated cell Collecting duct cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Renal Tubule Three parts Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop
Proximal closest to renal corpuscle Nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Distal farthest from renal corpuscle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (4 of 7)
Apical microvilli Mitochondria Highly infolded basolateral membrane Proximal convoluted tubule cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Renal Tubule Nephron loop Descending and ascending limbs
Proximal descending limb continuous with proximal tubule Distal descending limb = descending thin limb; simple squamous epithelium Thick ascending limb Cuboidal to columnar cells; thin in some nephrons © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (6 of 7)
Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (5 of 7)
Apical side Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Collecting Ducts Two cell types Principal cells Intercalated cells
Sparse, short microvilli Maintain water and Na+ balance Intercalated cells Cuboidal cells; abundant microvilli; two types A and B; both help maintain acid-base balance of blood © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Receive filtrate from many nephrons
Collecting Ducts Receive filtrate from many nephrons Run through medullary pyramids striped appearance Fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons.
Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Glomerular capsule: parietal layer Basement membrane Ureter Podocyte Kidney Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus Renal corpuscle • Glomerular capsule Glomerular capsule: visceral layer • Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Apical microvilli Mitochondria Highly infolded basolateral membrane Proximal convoluted tubule Proximal convoluted tubule cells Cortex Apical side Medulla Basolateral side Thick segment Thin segment Distal convoluted tubule cells Nephron loop • Descending limb • Ascending limb Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells Collecting duct Principal cell Intercalated cell Collecting duct cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Cortical nephrons—85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex
Classes of Nephrons Cortical nephrons—85% of nephrons; almost entirely in cortex Juxtamedullary nephrons Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments Important in production of concentrated urine © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Short nephron loop • Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries • Long nephron loop • Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta Renal corpuscle Glomerulus (capillaries) Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule Afferent arteriole Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending limb of nephron loop Cortex-medulla junction Arcuate vein Kidney Arcuate artery Vasa recta Nephron loop Descending limb of nephron loop © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nephron Capillary Beds
Renal tubules associated with two capillary beds Glomerulus Peritubular capillaries Juxtamedullary nephrons also associated with Vasa recta © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nephron Capillary Beds
Glomerulus - specialized for filtration Different from other capillary beds – fed and drained by arteriole Afferent arteriole glomerulus efferent arteriole Blood pressure in glomerulus high because Afferent arterioles larger in diameter than efferent arterioles Arterioles are high-resistance vessels © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Nephron Capillary Beds
Vasa recta Long, thin-walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons Arise from efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons Instead of peritubular capillaries Function in formation of concentrated urine © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron • Short nephron loop • Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction • Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries • Long nephron loop • Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction • Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta Renal corpuscle Glomerulus (capillaries) Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule Afferent arteriole Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Ascending limb of nephron loop Cortex-medulla junction Arcuate vein Kidney Arcuate artery Vasa recta Nephron loop Descending limb of nephron loop © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)
One per nephron Involves modified portions of Distal portion of ascending limb of nephron loop Afferent (sometimes efferent) arteriole Important in regulation of rate of filtrate formation and blood pressure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC)
Three cell populations Macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells Macula densa cells Close packed near ascending limb; chemoreceptors; sense NaCl content of filtrate Granular cells (JG cells) Mechanoreceptors; sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole; secrete hormone renin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.8 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron.
capsule Glomerulus Foot processes of podocytes Efferent arteriole Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Podocyte cell body (visceral layer) Capsular space Afferent arteriole Red blood cell Efferent arteriole Proximal tubule cell Juxtaglomerular complex • Macula densa cells of the ascending limb of nephron loop Lumens of glomerular capillaries • Extraglomerular mesangial cells • Granular cells Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary Afferent arteriole Glomerular mesangial cells Juxtaglomerular complex Renal corpuscle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
180 L fluid processed daily; only 1.5 L urine Three processes in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Kidneys filter body's entire plasma volume 60 times each day; consume 20-25% oxygen used by body at rest; produce urine from filtrate Filtrate (produced by glomerular filtration) Blood plasma minus proteins Urine <1% of original filtrate Contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Three major renal processes controlling blood plasma composition
Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsule 1 Renal tubule and collecting duct containing filtrate Peritubular capillary 2 3 To cortical radiate vein Three major renal processes: Urine 1 Glomerular filtration 2 Tubular reabsorption 3 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tubular secretion
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Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Glomerular filtration – produces cell- and protein-free filtrate Tubular reabsorption Selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts Tubular secretion Selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Glomerular Filtration
Passive process No metabolic energy required Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane No reabsorption into capillaries of glomerulus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Filtration Membrane
Porous membrane between blood and interior of glomerular capsule Water, solutes smaller than plasma proteins pass; normally no cells pass Three layers Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries Basement membrane (fused basal laminae of two other layers) Foot processes of podocytes with filtration slits; slit diaphragms repel macromolecules © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.10a The filtration membrane.
Glomerular capsular space Efferent arteriole Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes Filtration slits Podocyte cell body Afferent arteriole Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes that form the visceral layer of glomerular capsule Parietal layer of glomerular capsule Fenestrations (pores) Glomerular capillaries and the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule Glomerular capillary endothelium (podocyte covering and basement membrane removed) Foot processes of podocyte © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 25.10b The filtration membrane.
Filtration slits Podocyte cell body Foot processes Filtration slits between the podocyte foot processes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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• Capillary endothelium
Filtration membrane Filtration membrane • Capillary endothelium Capillary • Basement membrane • Foot processes of podocyte of glomerular capsule Molecules smaller than 3 nm can pass: water, glucose, aas, urea Plasma proteins remain in blood Proteins in filtrate indicate membrane problem Filtration slit Slit diaphragm Plasma Filtrate in capsular space Foot processes of podocyte Fenestration (pore) Three layers of the filtration membrane
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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Pressure responsible for filtrate formation (10 mm Hg) Main controllable factor determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP)
Glomerular capsule Efferent arteriole HPgc = 55 mm Hg OPgc = 30 mm Hg Afferent arteriole HPcs = 15 mm Hg NFP = Net filtration pressure = outward pressures – inward pressures = (HPgc) – (HPcs + OPgc) = (55) – ( ) = 10 mm Hg OPcs=0 since no impermeant solutes in CS HPgc high due to efferent arteriole © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys (normal = 120–125 ml/min) GFR directly proportional to NFP – primary pressure is hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus Total surface area available for filtration – glomerular mesangial cells control by contracting Filtration membrane permeability – much more permeable than other capillaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Constant GFR allows kidneys to make filtrate and maintain extracellular homeostasis Goal of intrinsic controls - maintain GFR in kidney GFR affects systemic blood pressure GFR urine output blood pressure, and vice versa Goal of extrinsic controls - maintain systemic blood pressure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Intrinsic controls (renal autoregulation) Act locally within kidney to maintain GFR Extrinsic controls Nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain blood pressure; can negatively affect kidney function Take precedence over intrinsic controls if systemic BP < 80 or > 180 mm Hg © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
Controlled via glomerular hydrostatic pressure If HPgc rises NFP rises GFR rises © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Maintains nearly constant GFR when MAP in range of 80–180 mm Hg
Intrinsic Controls Maintains nearly constant GFR when MAP in range of 80–180 mm Hg Autoregulation ceases if out of that range Two types of renal autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Intrinsic Controls: Myogenic Mechanism
Smooth muscle contracts when stretched BP muscle stretch constriction of afferent arterioles restricts blood flow into glomerulus Protects glomeruli from damaging high BP BP dilation of afferent arterioles Both help maintain normal GFR despite normal fluctuations in blood pressure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Intrinsic Controls: Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism
Flow-dependent mechanism directed by macula densa cells; respond to filtrate NaCl concentration If GFR filtrate flow rate reabsorption time high filtrate NaCl levels constriction of afferent arteriole NFP & GFR more time for NaCl reabsorption Opposite for GFR © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Extrinsic Controls: Sympathetic Nervous System
Under normal conditions at rest Renal blood vessels dilated Renal autoregulation mechanisms prevail © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Extrinsic Controls: Sympathetic Nervous System
If extracellular fluid volume extremely low (blood pressure low) Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nervous system; epinephrine released by adrenal medulla Systemic vasoconstriction increased blood pressure Constriction of afferent arterioles GFR increased blood volume and pressure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Extrinsic Controls: Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Mechanism
Main mechanism for increasing blood pressure – see Chapters 16 and 19 Three pathways to renin release by granular cells Direct stimulation of granular cells by sympathetic nervous system Stimulation by activated macula densa cells when filtrate NaCl concentration low Reduced stretch of granular cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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