Volvo Technology Corporation Dept. 6700 / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 1 Particulates.

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Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 1 Particulates

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 2 Particulates

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 3 Particulates Volvo test plans Euro I D-1 EN ppm S D-4 EN590 8 ppm S D-5 Swedish Class 1 Stationary (ESC) Transient (ETC) Euro III D-2 EN ppm S D-4 EN590 8 ppm S D-5 Swedish Class 1 Stationary (ESC) Transient (ETC) Study the influence of CRT-based filter technology on particle emissions from an Euro III engine. Swedish Class 1 fuel (D- 5) and two driving cycles (ESC and ETC) will be used. Fuel D-4 will also be tested if budget allows once the final sampling and testing protocol has been defined by WP-300. EngineFuelTest cycles EURO IDiesel 1 Diesel 4 Diesel 5 ESC ETC Five extended steady state EURO IIIDiesel 2 Diesel 4 Diesel 5 ESC ETC Five extended steady state EURO III with CRT Diesel 5 (Diesel 4) ESC ETC Five extended steady state

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 4 Particulates Test cycles ESC ETCDGI 5 extended steady states 1. ECE R-49 mode 2 2. ESC mode 5 (50% load, speed A) DGI 3. 50% load, speed B (Road load, speed 50/50 A/C) 893 Nm/1450 rpm with D2 914 Nm/1450 rpm with D4 861 Nm/1450 rpm with D5 4. ESC mode 12 (75% load, speed C) DGI 5. 25% load, speed 15% (25% load, speed A-10%) (50% load, 50%speed) Same as 50% load, speed B.

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 5 Particulates Volvo test performed during 2002 Euro III D-2 EN ppm S D-4 EN590 8 ppm S D-5 Swedish Class 1 Stationary (ESC) Transient (ETC) Five steady states Block 1Block 2Block 3 D-2D-5D-4 D-5D-4D-2 D-4D-2D-5

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 6 Particulates Problems and uncertainty factors. Problem with primary dilutor – required modification as per Dekati drawing. Water cooling of the primary diluter caused the temperature control to be difficult. CPC required a very high dilution factor (11 250). Pressure-spikes in the beginning of the measurement period due to air dryer. 2 different ELPI’s were used – results do not correlate. Dilution factor during SS points not stable – reduced as exh. temperature reduced.

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 7 Particulates

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 8 Particulates Problem with fixing dilution factor: A

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 9 Particulates Problem with fixing dilution factor: B This was not initially noticed or known to be a problem. In initial tests the primary dilution factor dropped to below 8. A very long stabilization time was required to prevent this with subsequent testing. As exhaust temperature drops, density increases causing a greater mass of gas to be drawn into the diluter since it is based on volume flows.

Volvo Technology Corporation Dept / AMR / 01/11/2015 / page 10 Particulates