1. LNG Mass Flow Standard Improving the “kilogram” for LNG Dushyant Parkhi Flow Engineer VSL

2. Page -Why do we need mass flow calibration standards for LNG? -What is the role of VSL in LNG Goal Road Map -How will the goal be reached? LNG-Primary Scale Loop (PSL) LNG-Mid Scale Loop (MSL) Outline

3. Page Reliable measurements Why calibration standards? LNG Tank gauging system volume flow meter Best Uncertainties ±0.5% Expected Uncertainties ~ 0.15% mass flow meter LNG Custody Transfer : Trust in Trade Legal Requirements Contractual Requirements Commodity Market LNG as transport fuel production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels Based on guidelines : GIIGNL used for allocation and control but not for custody-transfer measurement.

4. Page Role of VSL in LNG SI National/ Primary Standards Secondary / Working Standards Instruments in the field BIPM VSL Manufacturers End users Metrological traceability requires an established calibration hierarchy. VSL and/or calibration laboratories Calibration hierarchy From small to higher uncertainty calibration hierarchy

5. Page Goal of VSL: SI National/ Primary Standards Secondary / Working Standards Instruments in the field Get measurement uncertainty for the LNG “kilogram” below 0.1% Realization of an gravimetric LNG mass flow standard and calibration facility Requirements:

6. Page Small scale LNG - LNG as transport fuel Primary mass flow standardMid-scale mass flow standard Mid-scale volume flow standard 201420092015 LNG Composition calibration systems Primary Density standard Large scale LNG - Production and regasification plants 2018 Large scale flow standards 2013 LNG Composition evaluation state-of- the-art Improved density correlations / Improved Equations of State Traceable LNG custody transfer measurements Clear uncertainty budgets Uncertainty reduction by factor two Ship tank volume measurements uncertainty evaluation TARGETS TRIGGERS New LNG applications with New Business Models Methane Number harmonization / ISO Road Map:

7. Page Execution: Three Step Approach Primary flow Standard Mid-scale flow standard Full scale facilities 10 - 25 m 3 /hr 4 -12 ton/hr 5 – 200/400 m 3 /hr 2 – 100/200 ton/hr 200 - 4000 m 3 /hr 100– 2,000 ton/hr

8. Page Step1: Primary Flow Standard (PSL) Operated and validated in 2013 at Gasunie Peakshaver Calibration and Measurement Capability: Q ~ 10 - 25 m 3 /hr CMC ~ 0.15% Supplying tank Weighing tank MUT Scale PumpMUT

9. Page Flow meter to be calibrated Reference for calibrations Weighing tank Supplying tank Pump LNG-PSL Description Fixed connection causing non- constant forces on scale Partly undefined direction of flow during switch over Uncertainty in mass collected between MUT and Reference Uncertainty Sources Description: Parts Description: Process Description: Sources of uncertainties

10. Page Step1a: PSL-Improvement Supplying tank Weighing tank MUT Scale PumpMUT Reduce uncertainties in flow measurements (<1%) Provide traceability to Mid Scale Loop (200 m 3 /h)

11. WP1Characterization mechanical hysteresis and stiffness matrix WP2-4Parasitic Force Reduction System 1.Reduction tank movement 2.Parasitic force compensation Reduction uncertainty related to non-constant & parasitic forces 1 flange 2 x,y,z motion stage 3 LNG tank 4 position measurement 5 flexible piping 6 load cell 7 foundation Example1 : Parasitic force reduction based on position measurement Weighing tank Flex loop

12. Reduction uncertainty related to non-constant & parasitic forces Example 2: Parasitic force elimination Retraction due to Force of decoupling smooth bending of swivel Dry break coupling WP1Decoupling the pipe to eliminate the parasitic forces WP2-4 Weighing tank Retraction system

13. WP5 Reducing timing Reduction uncertainty related to switching and temperature reading Run mode (= calibration) Pre run mode to get stable flow WP5 Reducing timing uncertainty Improve temperature reading and reduce dead volume uncertainty

14. WP6Development and installation long-term stable Coriolis mass flow meter WP7Validation of the improved primary standard and uncertainty analysis 1.Calibration of long-term stable Coriolis meter with and without ‘parasitic force reduction system’ enabled 2.Investigation of the reproducibility and the stability of the “kilogram” (Youden analysis) Validating the improved “kilogram” for LNG

15. Page Step2 - LNG Calibration Facility Medium sized – Flow & Composition

16. Page Location Rotterdam Maasvlakte, the Netherlands

17. Page Sponsors and Project Partners

18. Page Thank You Reduced flow measurement uncertainty for end-users will be the primary output of the project. This will contribute to the market acceptance and the sustainability of the LNG business