1. 1 Key Issues for the Successful Implementation of I/M Program Fu Lixin 傅立新 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 清华大学

2. 2 Overview 概述 n Government Coordinations n Network design n Quality control n Test procedures n Data base/Evaluation n Public awareness

3. 3 Government Coordination n Leading agency –Emission test only –Combined testing of emission and safety n Involved agencies –Equally important n Upper and lower level support –Going up –Looking down

4. 4 Government Coordination n Enforcement –Test must be fair –Failed vehicles must be repaired n Mechanism –Renewal of registration –Sticker: one or two? –Punishing –In-direct charging –Roadside check/Remote-sensing?

5. 5 Network Design n Centralized only –No inherent conflict –Most effective –Lowest cost (-loaded test) –Easy to be managed –Best quality control n Run by contractors –Best practice

6. 6 Quality Control n Fully automation –Computerized instruments –Automatic data collection –Calibration recording –Price? Go centralized n Personnel training –Certification system n Quality auditing

7. 7 Test Procedures n OBD n Transient test –IM240 –VMass n Steady-state loaded –ASM n Remote-sensing n Idle n Diesel testing

8. 8 On-Board Diagnostic n Features –Computerized MIL –From US 1996/EU 2000 –Will replace tailpipe testing n Pros/Flaws –Fast, cheap, easy –Precise and always on –Not applicable for old vehicles

9. 9 Transient --IM240

10. 10 IM240 Features n IM240 test –Transient –Loaded –Max. 240 sec. –Based on US FTP n Measurement –Mass, g/km –FID for VOCs –Chem-lumi for NOx –NDIR for CO –Fuel consumption n Advantages –Close to FTP –All pollutants –Repeatable –Emission factors n Dis-advantages –Most expensive –Difficult to maintain –Driving cycle more difficult

11. 11 ASM n ASM test –Loaded steady- state –24km/h or 40km/h –Excessive load n Measurement –Concentration –PPM or % –NDIR for HC/CO –Chem-cell for NOx n Advantages –Cheapter than IM240 –Easy to operate –Easy to maintain –Easily simulated in repair shops n Disadvantages –Poor correlation to FTP –High C/O rates –?Gross-polluters –No emission factor

12. 12 V-Mass n Test procedure –Can run IM240 n Measurement –Use ASM-type instruments –Add mass analysis system –Get IM240-type results n Pros/Flaws –Cost 5-8K $ more than ASM –Good correlation to IM240 –Relatively new

13. 13 Typical System with V MAS ™ Engine RPM Host System with BAR97 analyzer Blower Exhaust Flow + Ambient air = Dilute Exhaust Flow Serial Communications V MAS Raw Exhaust Sample to raw Gas Analyzer ExhaustFlow Ambient Air Dynamometer

14. 14 Gordon-Darby V MAS TM Study Results: NOx R^2 =.992, Slope =.91 Reflects lost H20 in raw sample and NO2/NO ratio

15. 15 Remote-sensing n Features –Measure HC, CO, NOx –Vehicle speed and acceleration –Laser/infra-red –High test volume –Roadside –Camera license plate n Advantages –Cheap –Identify old vehicles –Prevent re- adjustment n Disadvantages –Not applicable for advance-technology –Limited coverage –Limited location –Snap shot emission

16. 16 Idle/high-speed idle n Features –No load on vehicle –Concentration measurement –Can’t measure NOx n Pros/Flaws –Very easy to operate –Fast and cheap –Not applicable for advanced vehicle –Difficult to prevent re-adjustment

17. 17 Diesel vehicle testing n Free-acceleration smoke test –Without load –Transient but not real –Inaccurate if not computerized –Very old vehicle/turbo-charged? n Loaded smoke test –Lug-down smoke test: HK –Expensive for heavy-duty n Correlation to PM?

18. 18 Data Base/Evaluation n Data base is essential –Vehicle data –Emission data –Air quality data n Evaluation –To address program target: emission reduction –Model calculation –Pilot study –Problem identification

19. 19 Public awareness (1) n Target is to protect the public n The public is paying for I/M n Transparency is essential n Fair competition among inspection and repair industry n Public support is necessary

20. 20 Public awareness (2) n Effectiveness and Conveniency n Inspection and repair must be separated n Repair industry should be closely linked to the manufacturer n Diagnostic is the key