The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Chapter 12, part C The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

The Protozoa versus other eukaryotic microbes Table 12.1

The Protozoa Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Classified by means of locomotion Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts Figure 12.16

Archaezoa: Flagellates Mastigophora: have two or more flagella No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) Figure 12.17b-d

Rhizopoda (amoebas) Move by pseudopods Entamoeba Acanthamoeba No jpeg for Figure 21.21 Figure 12.18a

Ciliophora (ciliates) Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite Figure 12.20

Apicomplexa: Sporozoa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Toxoplasmosis

Plasmodium 1 2 9 3 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 4 5 7 6 Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human 2 Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Sporozoites in salivary gland 9 Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3 Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote Zygote Intermediate host Female gametocyte 4 Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Male gametocyte Ring stage 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host 7 Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 6 Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes Merozoites Figure 12.19

Euglenozoa Move by flagella Photoautotrophs Euglenoids Chemoheterotrophs Trypanosoma transmitted by vectors Leishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host

Euglenozoa Chloroplasts Eyespot Use flagella to move to light Positively phototropic May “eat” tiny particles as well Figure 12.21

Slime Molds http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm

Cellular Slime Molds Cellular slime molds Plasmodial slime molds Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body. Some cells become spores Plasmodial slime molds Multinucleated large cells Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores

Cellular Slime Mold Figure 12.22

Plasmodial Slime Mold Figure 12.23