1. Microbial Biotechnology
Lecture:7
Microbial Biotechnology

2. 3- Fungi

3. Fungi (singular: fungus) are Eukaryotes
They may be unicellular (yeast)- are oval in shape larger than bacteria OR
multicellular (mold)- form visible masses called mycelia compose of long filaments ( hyphae) cottony growths on bread&fruit).
Large multicellular like mushroom look somewhat like plant but they are not photosynthesis
Cell wall compose of chitin
Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually
They absorbing solution of organic materials to get their nourishements

4. These are saprophytic or parasitic organisms possessing relatively rigid cell walls.
The largest and most versatile of all microbes
Fungi can be very helpful and humans have used them in
The food industry - brewing beer, making bread rise
Medicine – making antibiotics

5. Fungal Structure Sporangia: Spore producing body. Sporangiophore:
Rhizoids
Sporangia:
Spore producing body. 
Sporangiophore:
Filamentous stalk on which the sporangium forms.
Rhizoids:
The sub-surface hyphae are specialized for food absorption.

6. Yeasts are classified in the Fungus kingdom
Over 1.5 million species estimated to exist
Only 10% identified & classified
Fungi are important sources of antibiotics and blood cholesterol-lowering drugs.

7. Saccharomyces (yeast)
Ferments carbohydrates in flour or malt and gain energy from this digestion.
Carbon dioxide gas (in bread) and ethanol (in beer) are by-products of Fungi.
Have chitin in cell wall
Yeast cells are generally larger in size and have larger genomes than most bacteria
Mechanisms of gene expression in yeast resemble those in human cells (valuable model organism)
Several human disease genes have been discovered in yeast.
Many can grow in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
Many different types of yeast mutants are available

8. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Commonly studied strain of yeast
Microorganism behind the most common form of fermentation
1st eukaryotic organism to have its complete genome sequenced
16 linear chromosomes
12 million base pairs
~ 6,300 genes

9. a

10. 4- Protozoa

11. Protozoa
Protozoa are unicellular Eukaryotic microbes
Move by flagella, cilia, pseudopods
Have variety of shapes,
Lives free or as parasite
They absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment
They reproduce by sexually or asexually
Diameters in the range of μm.

12. C- Ciliophora: motile by cilia. Example: Balantidium coli.
The most important groups of medical protozoa are:
A-Amoeba: Entamoeba species. Mode of Motility: pseudopodia.
B- Mastigophora: Mode of Motility: the Flagella. Gastrointestinal flagellates: Giardia intestinalis Urogenital flagellates: Trichomonas vaginalis Tissue and blood flagellates: Trypanosoma, Leishmania .
C- Ciliophora: motile by cilia. Example: Balantidium coli.
D- Sporozoa: intracellular infection.
Example: Plasmodium that cause Malaria.

13. Amoeba
Fluid state of cytoplasm enables it to change its shape easily
Pseudopodia wrap around a prey in order to trap it in a food vacuole for intracellular digestion

14. Plasmodium
Parasitic heterotroph
Mosquitoes carry and infect humans causing malaria

15. Algae are also Microbes
Algae photosynthesise – taking their energy from the sun, and producing oxygen in the process. Algae are thought to produce over 50% of the oxygen in the world.

16. Algae
Are photosynthesis Eukaryotes with wide variety of shapes
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Cell wall like plants are compose of cellulose
Algae are abundant in fresh water and salt
Play an important role in the balance of nature (produce Oxygen& carbohydrates).
Major food source of small aquatic animals

17. Chlorella
Single-celled green algae
Non-motile
Cell wall of cellulose