1. Paramecium (many species) is free living
Animal-Like Protists
Heterotrophic
Classified by means of locomotion: flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or none (sessile)
Many free living, some parasites of humans and animals
Paramecium (many species) is free living

2. Animal-Like Protists Phylum Protozoa
Locomotion by pseudopodia  cytoplasmic streaming/cyclosis  amoeboid movement
Prey on bacteria, ingest food particles in water using pseudopodia  vesicle, intracellular digestion
Subphylum Sarcodina - amoebas: freshwater, marine or soil; some have a test/shell around cell membrane
Subphylum Mycetozoa – some have glassy shells (radiolarians)

3. Testate Amoebas
Simple tests (or shells) are made by either secretion or by the agglutination of foreign material or a combination of both.
Environmental changes can be determined by analyzing the composition of tests, including fossil tests, which may indicate past climatic conditions.

4. Radiolarian (marine amoeba) shells

5. Animal-Like Protists Phylum Ciliophora
Locomotion by cilia
Asexual reproduction – binary fission
Most elaborate organelles of any protist:
Macronucleus that controls cell functions
Micronucleus exchanged through conjugation (sexual reproduction)
pellicle (elastic layer of protein) surrouding cell membrane
Food acquisition: oral groove  mouth pore  gullet  food vacuoles
Excretion: anal pore  contractile vacuole

6. Animal-Like Protists Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Trypanosomes in human blood
Tsetse fly (vector)
One or more flagella
Subphylum Mastigophora – many free living, some parasites  genus Trypanosoma
Infect blood in many vertebrates
Transmitted by insect vectors Ex.: African sleeping sickness, caused by two species of trypanosomes, transmitted by tse-tse fly  fever, lethargy, eventual coma, death; Giardia – found in fresh water  gastrointestinal disease

7. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, an intestinal infection
Found in freshwater – streams & rivers
Cysts carried in animal feces

8. Animal-Like Protists Phylum Apicomplexa (former sporozoans)
Plasmodium faciparum
no adaptations for locomotion  all animal parasites
Apical complex = organelles specialized for entry into host cells/tissues
Complex life cyles with sexual and asexual stages, often more than one host
Plasmodium – mosquito vector  malaria
Toxoplasma gondii – affects developing fetuses, newborns
Cryptosporidium – found in water, animal feces  gastrointestinal disease

9. Malaria life cycle on UTube
Anopheles mosquito vector
Malaria life cycle on UTube
Malaria
350–500 million cases / year, killing one to three million people

11. Fungus-Like Protists Slime Molds & Water Molds
Uni- or multi-cellular, all heterotrophic
Saprophytic, some parasitic

12. Fungus-Like Protists Phylum Myxomycota – Plasmodial Slime Molds
Feeding stage = Plasmodium, a multinucleated (2n) mass of cytoplasm
Amoeboid movement by cytoplasmic streaming
phagocytosis of decaying matter
Reproductive state = Fruiting bodies produce haploid spores by meiosis
Spores produce haploid (n) reproductive cells that fuse (2n)
mitosis w/o cytokinesis  multinucleated plasmodium (unicellular)

13. Physarum life cycle

14. Fungus-Like Protists Phylum Dictyostelida – Cellular Slime Molds
Individual haploid cells live independently
Scarcity of food triggers release of chemical that attract others
Many cells gather to form a multi-cellular pseudoplasmodium – (each cell retains its membrane)  develops fruiting bodies  haploid spores  new independent haploid cells

15. How do cellular slime molds differ from plasmodial slime molds?

16. Fungus-Like Protists Phylum Oomycota – Water Molds
Asexual reproduction -- flagellated zoospores  threadlike cells
Sexual reproduction – egg and sperm produced  fertilization tubes  zygote  threadlike cells
Water mold on dead mayfly larva

17. Fungus-Like Protists Phylum Chytridiomycota – Water Molds
Healthy Tasmanian frog
Fungus-Like Protists Phylum Chytridiomycota – Water Molds
Most unicellular, parasitic
Make flagellated gametes and zoospores
Chitin in cell walls, filamentous cells, enzymes and biochemistry similar to fungi 
some classify them in kingdom Fungi
may be a transitional form between protists and fungi
Infected frog
Chytrid (pronounced kit-rid) fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) causes the disease known as chytridiomycosis or chytrid infection which currently threatens Tasmania’s native amphibians. The fungus infects the skin of frogs destroying its structure and function, and can ultimately cause death. Sporadic deaths occur in some frog populations, and 100 per cent mortality occurs in other populations. Chytrid infection has been devastating to frog species causing extinctions worldwide. The international trade of frogs probably brought the fungus to Australia from Africa. The disease has now been recorded in four regions in Australia - the east coast, southwest Western Australia, Adelaide, and more recently Tasmania. In mainland Australia chytrid has caused the extinction of one frog species, and has been associated with the extinction of three other species. In addition, the threatened species status of others frogs has worsened through severe declines in numbers.
Chytrid (microscopic)