2. Human Parasites are classified to
Protozoology = study of protozoa (primitive single cells).
Helminthology = study of helminthes (worms) including multicellular parasites with organs (also known as metazoa).
3. Entomology = study of arthropods (including insects).

3. Important issues associated with parasites of human importance & Questions form
Disease caused by parasite
Type of parasite (amoeba, ciliate, flagellate: intestinal or blood & tissue, sporozoan)
Life Cycle:
Infective stage
Vector for the parasite transmission
Location (site of infection) of the parasite in the body
Mode of transmission
Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage)
Form of parasite under the microscope

4. Protozoa

5. Protozoa Classification of pathogenic protozoa according to
I) site of infection
II) mode of locomotion & reproduction

6. Urogenital flagellate
I. Classification of pathogenic protozoa according to the site of infection
Species
Site of infection
(a) Amoeba Entamoeba histolytica
(b) Intestinal flagellates Giardia lamblia
(c) Intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli
(d) Intestinal sporozoa Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal tract
Urogenital flagellate
* Trichomonas vaginalis
Urogenital tract
Hemoflagellates * Trypanosoma sp, Leishmania sp.
Blood Sporozoans * Plasmodium sp.
Tissue Sporozoans *Toxoplasma gonidii
Blood and tissue

7. II. Classification of pathogenic protozoa according to mode of locomotion & reproduction
Amoebae (pseudopodia, asexual reproduction by binary fission).
Flagellate (flagella, asexual by longitudinal binary fission).
Ciliate (cilia, asexual by transverse binary fission).
Sporozoa (non-motile, asexual & sexual reproduction: complex life cycle).
All protozoa are seen by oil immersion lens, except Balantidium coli (largest one)

8. The Microscopes and lens used in parasitology labs
Low Power
High Power
Oil immersion lens

9. The Magnification Stereo Microscope (Magnifier) used in parasitology labs

10. A. Intestinal protozoa (General life cycle)
Ingestion of (food, water...) contaminated with cyst
Excystation
Trophozoite
Encystation
Mature cyst
Pass in feces

11. 1- Entamoeba histolytica
Type of protozoan: amoeba
Disease caused by protozoan: amoebic dysentery
Infective stage: cyst
Diagnostic stage: cyst or trophozoite in stool
Mode of transmission: ingestion of food/water contaminated with cyst
Forms of the protozoan: trophozoite or cyst
Location in the body: large intestine

12. Trophozoite:
Active, feeding and motile form with amoeboid outline, one nucleus: with central large black chromatin granule called Karyosome, and nuclear membrane is lined with very small chromatin granules.

13. Entamoeba histolytica cyst
Cyst: resistant , infective form, round or oval, contains from 1-4 nuclei. Usually 4 in mature cyst and black chromatoid bars.

14. 2- Balantidium coli Type of protozoan: ciliate
Disease caused by the protozoan: Balantidial dysentery
Infective stage: cyst
Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage): trophozoite or cyst in stool
Mode of transmission: ingestion of food/water contaminated with cyst
Forms of the protozoan: trophozoite or cyst
Location in the body: large intestine

15. Balantidium coli trophozoite
Largest protozoan
Trophozoite: oval, covered with cilia, kidney shaped nucleus

16. 3- Cryptosporidium parvum
Type of protozoan: intestinal sporozoa
Disease caused by the protozoan: traveler’s diarrhea
Infective stage: oocyst
Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage): trophozoite or oocyst in stool
Mode of transmission: ingestion of food/water contaminated with oocyst
Forms of the protozoan: trophozoite or oocyst
Location in the body: jejunum and ileum

17. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum stained by acid fast stain .

18. B- Urogenital flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis
Type of protozoan: urogenital flagellate
Disease caused by protozoan: Trichomoniasis
Infective stage: trophozoite
Mode of transmission: spread through sexual contact with vaginal or urethral discharges of infected persons
Form of protozoan: Trophozoite only. No cyst
Location in the body: urogenital tract of male (urethra and prostate) and female (vagina)

19. Trophozoite: Only trophozoite form exist.
Pear shaped, 1 nucleus, 5 flagella: 4 free, 5th attached by an undulating membrane, axostyle is present, a groove around cytostome (mouth) called cytostomal groove

20. C- Types of Hemoflagellates

21. Trypanosoma sp.
Leishmania sp.
Forms of hemoflagellates according to the
position of organ of locomotion
Amastigote has no free flagellum

22. 1- Trypanosoma cruzi Type of protozoan: hemoflagellate
Disease caused by the protozoan: Chagas disease
Infective stage: Metacyclic trypomastigote
Form of the protozoan under microscope: trypomastigote in blood film
Vector of the protozoan: Kissing Bug (Triatoma)
Mode of transmission: through feces of the triatoma insect when a bug bite is scratched
Location of the protozoan in the body: blood and tissue (heart muscle, liver, spleen, brain)
Diagnostic stage: trypomastigote in blood film

23. Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote in blood film (Oil immersion lens)
Trypomastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi
Red blood cells

24. 2- Leishmania sp. Type of the protozoan: hemoflagellate
Disease caused by the protozoan: Leishmaniasis (visceral, cutaneous or mucocutaneous)
Infective stage: Promastigote
Vector of the protozoan: Sand fly
Form of the protozoan under the microscope: amastigote (leishmania bodies) released from macrophage
Location in the body: blood & tissue
Diagnostic stage: amastigote (leishmania bodies) released from macrophage in tissues

25. Leishmania sp. amastigote released from macrophage

26. Blood sporozoans Plasmodium sp. Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale

27. Plasmodium sp. Type of protozoan: blood sporozoan
Disease caused by the protozoan: Malaria
Infective stage: sporozoite in the saliva of female Anopheles
Form of the protozoan under microscope: Different stages of the Plasmodium sp. in red blood cells
Vector of the protozoan: Female anopheles mosquito
Mode of transmission: through the bite of a female anopheles mosquito carrying sporozoites
Location of the protozoan in the body: blood
Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage): Different stages of the Plasmodium sp. in red blood cells in blood film

28. Different stages of Plasmodium vivax. in blood
1: normal RBCs
2-6: young trophozoite (ring stage)
7-18: trophozoite
19-27: Shizonts
28-29: male and female gametes

29. Different stages of Plasmodium spp. in RBC’s
Normal RBC’s
Different stages of Plasmodium spp. in RBC’s

30. Tissue sporozoans Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites (oil immersion lens) are typically crescent shaped with a prominent, centrally placed nucleus.

31. Toxoplasma gondii

32. Toxoplasma gondii Type of protozoan: Tissue sporozoan
Disease caused by the protozoan: Toxoplasmosis
Infective stage: oocyst, cyst, tachyzoite
Form of the protozoan under microscope: Tachyzoite
Mode of transmission: eating undercooked meat having tissue cysts, through water contaminated with cat feces, blood transfusion, transplacentally
Location of the protozoan in the body: different tissues as lung, CNS, heart lymphoid organ and eye
Lab diagnosis (diagnostic stage): tissue cyst in tonsils and lymph node, X-ray or serologically.

33. Activities
Classify the protozoa in a single table according to site of infection, mode of locomotion and reproduction
Differentiate between blood and tissue protozoa

34. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Entamoeba histolytica Name of spot: Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

35. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Entamoeba histolytica Name of spot: Entamoeba histolytica cyst

36. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Balantidium coli Name of spot: Balantidium coli trophozoite

37. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Cryptosporidium parvum Name of spot: Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum

38. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Trichomonas vaginalis Name of spot: Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite

39. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Trypanosoma cruzi Name of spot: Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote in blood film

40. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite:
Plasmodium spp.
Name of spot:
Different stages of Plasmodium spp. in RBC’s

41. Slides for Lab #1
Name of parasite: Toxoplasma gondii Name of spot: Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites

42. Rules
التحويلات فى حالة وجود بدل فقط و تقدم لدى السكرتارية حتى
سوف يتم تصحيح activities و الكتاب للطلاب فى كل معمل

43. Basic Laboratory Safety
Do NOT smoke, eat, drink, or bring food or drinks into the laboratory room
Wash hands with soap & water after section

44. Personal Protection Requirements
Wear laboratory coats (NO COAT NO ATTENDANCE)
Wear closed-toe shoes (cover the top of the foot)
Accident  Report to Lab attendant immediately!