1. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths
Chapter 12
The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

2. The Fungi Eukaryotic Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
Chemoheterotrophic
Most are decomposers
Mycology is the study of fungi

3. Mycology: The Study of Fungi
Table 12.2

4. Fungi
Table 12.1

5. Molds
The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.
Figure 12.2

6. Yeasts Unicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically
Figure 12.3

7. Dimorphism
Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C
Figure 12.4

8. Fungal Life Cycle
Figure 12.7

9. Fungal Diseases (mycoses)
Systemic mycoses Deep within body
Subcutaneous mycoses Beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses Affect hair, skin, nails
Superficial mycoses Localized, e.g., hair shafts
Opportunistic mycoses Caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are normally

10. Asexual spores Sporangiosphore Conidiospore Arthrospore Blastoconidium
Chlamydospore
Figure 12.1

11. Conidiospores
Figure 12.5

12. Sexual reproduction
Plasmogamy Haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (–)
Karyogamy + and – nuclei fuse
Meiosis Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

13. Sexual spores Zygospore Fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore
Figure 12.6

14. Sexual spores
Ascospore Formed in a sac (ascus)
Figure 12.7

15. Sexual spores Basidiospore Formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)
Figure 12.8

16. The Protozoa
Table 12.1

17. Protozoa Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs
Vegetative form is a trophozoite
Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony
Sexual reproduction by conjugation
Some produce cysts
Figure 12.16

18. Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)
Figure 12.17b-d

19. Rhizopoda (amoebas) Move by pseudopods Entamoeba
No jpeg for Figure 21.21
Figure 12.18a

20. Apicomplexa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles
Such as Plasmodium

21. Plasmodium 1 2 9 3 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 4 5 7 6
Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human 2
Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced
Sporozoites in salivary gland 9
Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3
Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction 8
In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote
Zygote
Intermediate host
Female gametocyte 4
Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell
Male gametocyte
Ring
stage 5
Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
Definitive host 7
Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 6
Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes
Merozoites
Figure 12.19

22. Ciliophora (ciliates)
Moves by cilia
Balantidium coli is the only human ciliates.
Figure 12.20

23. Euglenozoa Move by flagella Trypanosoma
Undulating membrane, transmitted by TseTse fly

24. Euglenozoa Leishmania
Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host

25. The Helminths
Table 12.1

26. Helminths (parasitic worms)
Eukaryotic
Multicellular animals
Chemoheterotrophic
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Class: Trematodes (flukes) e .g Schistosoma
Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) e .g tainia
Phylum: Nematodes (roundworms) e. g Ascaris and pin worms

27. Schistosoma

28. Tainia
Figure 12.27

29. Pin worms
Figure 12.29

30. Arthropods as Vectors Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs)
Class: Insecta (6 legs)
Lice, fleas, mosquitoes
Class: Arachnida (8 legs)
Mites and ticks
May transmit diseases (vectors)
Figure 12.31, 32

31. Arthropods as Vectors
Figure 12.33