8.1 Cellular Respiration October 5, 2012

8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves the gain of electrons and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen. Oxidation Involves the Loss of electrons from an element, whereas Reduction Involves the Gain of electrons Oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.

Oxidation - Reduction OxidationReduction Oxidation is Loss of electronsReduction is Gain of electrons Results in Gain in OxygenResults in Gain in Hydrogen Results in C-O bondsResults in C-H bonds Results in lower potential energyResults in increased potential energy

C Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs A: Matrix B: Inner membrane C: Intermembrane space C A B

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

Matrix: – Watery substance that contains ribosomes and many enzymes. – These enzymes are vital for the link reaction and the Krebs cycle. Inner membrane: – The electron transport chain and ATP synthase are found in this membrane. – These are vital for oxidative phosphorylation.

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs Space between inner and outer membranes: – Small volume into which protons are pumped into. – Small volume  high concentration gradient can be reached very quickly. – This is vital for chemiosmosis. Outer membrane: – Separates the contents of the mitochondrion from the rest of the cell. – Creates a good environment for cell respiration.

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs Cristae: – Tubular projections of the inner membrane – Increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA – Encode mitochondrial enzymes. Ribosomes – Translation of mitochondrial proteins.

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function A. Matrix site for Krebs' cycle link reaction ATP synthesis B. Inner Membrane site of oxidative phosphorylation e– transport chain increase surface area ATP synthesis; C. Inner Membrane Space H+ / proton build up; C A B

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. 2 ATP molecules are used. 4 ATP molecules are produced. NET yield of two ATP molecules. 2 NAD + are reduced into 2 NADH + 2 H + during glycolysis.

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation. Step 1 - Glucose is phosphorylated. Step 2 - Lysis of hexose (6C) biphosphate into two triose (3C) phosphates Step 3 - Each triose (3C) phosphate molecule is oxidized. Step 4 – Two pyruvate molecules (3C) are formed by removing two phosphate groups from each molecule. Type of phosphorylation? Why?