1. State the stages of glycolysis where
Task
State the stages of glycolysis where
ATP is used
ATP is produced
NAD is reduced

2. State the stages of glycolysis where:
Task : 5 minutes
State the stages of glycolysis where:
ATP is used: ATP is hydrolysed and glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose 6-phosphate. ATP hydrolysed and fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The energy from ATP activates the hexose sugar and prevents it from leaving the cell: hexose 1,6 bisphosphate

3. ATP is produced:
During the oxidation of triose phosphate 2 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate level phosphorylation and when triose phosphate is converted to pyruvate another 2 molecules of ADP are phosphorylated to 2 molecules off ATP
NAD is reduced:
During the oxidation of triose phosphate 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from each TP molecule to produce 2 molecules of reduced NAD

4. Learning outcomes:
Explain, with the aid of diagrams and electron micrographs, how the structure of mitochondria enables them to carry out their functions
Ensure you collate yourself good labelled diagrams and EM of Mitochondria
I have put 3 slides from OCR next to help you in this.

5. Structure of a mitochondrion
© Pearson Education Ltd 2009
This document may have been altered from the original

6. Diagram showing the structure of the inner membrane and the flow of electrons between electron carriers and the flow of protons into the intermembrane space
© Pearson Education Ltd 2009
This document may have been altered from the original 6

7. The structure of ATP synthase
© Pearson Education Ltd 2009
This document may have been altered from the original 7

8. Where does cellular respiration take place?
Glycolysis: cytoplasm
The rest in Mitochondria
TASK: Draw and annotate a mitochondria SYNOPTIC

9. Have an inner and outer phospholipid membrane making up the envelope
The folds are
called cristae/ crista
Inner folded membrane
Outer smooth
membrane
THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
The surfaces of
the cristae are
studded with
minute spheres
Intermembrane space
Fluid matrix
of inner compartment

10. Stalked particles on inner surface of cristae: ATP synthesis
The matrix: Mixture of proteins and lipids site of Krebs cycle and link reaction (enzymes)
Ribosomes: use mitochondrial DNA to synthesise proteins and enzymes
Intermembrane space: H+ ions accumulate to set up concentration gradient (chemiosmosis)
Stalked particles on inner surface of cristae: ATP synthesis
ATPase
Cristae: greatly increases surface area allowing more electron transport chains: oxidative phosphorylation + synthesis of ATP
Outer membrane: controls entry/exit of substances e.g carbon dioxide, pyruvate

12. Mitochondrial matrix
This is where the link reaction and the Krebs cycle take place
It contains
Enzymes
Molecules of coenzyme NAD
Oxaloacetate (4C compound that accepts acetate from the link reaction)
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial ribosomes

13. Outer Membrane Phospholipid layer It contains
Protein channels or carriers to allow pyruvate to pass through
Other proteins act as enzymes

14. Inner membrane
Has a different membrane structure and is impermeable to small ions (e.g. hydrogen ions)
Folded into cristae to give a large surface area
Contains electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes

15. ATP Synthase enzymes: good link watch
Large and protrude from inner membrane into matrix
Known as stalked particles
Allow protons through (H+)
Protons flow down a proton gradient (chemiosmosis) From intermembrane space to matrix
The force drives the rotation part of the enzyme and allows formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

16. Electron Transport chains:
Each electron carrier is an enzyme
Enzymes with non protein haem cofactors (containing iron)
The iron atoms become reduced Fe³+ to Fe²+by accepting an electron (e-) then re-oxidised to Fe³+ by passing the electron onto the next carrier
Oxidoreductase enzymes are involved in the oxidation and reduction reactions
Electron carriers also have a coenzyme that pumps hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space: energy from where??
Inner membrane is impermeable to small ions the protons accumulate in the intermembrane space (lower pH)

18. Tasks Can you draw and label a mitochondria?
Can you explain using diagrams/EM how structure is related to function?
Complete the summary sheet on The Structure and Function of Mitochondria
Answer the questions on next slide
Exam questions in booklet:
Figure 1.2 is an EM of a mitochondria…(2 marks)
Figure 3.1 is a diagram representing a mitochondria (4 marks)

19. Questions
Suggest how the structure of a mitochondrion from a skin cell would differ from that of a mitochondrion from the heart muscle tissue
Explain the following terms: proton motive force, oxidoreductase enzyme
It has been suggested that mitochondria are derived from prokaryotes. What features of their structure support this suggestion?

20. Questions
Suggest how the structure of a mitochondrion from a skin cell would differ from that of a mitochondrion from the heart muscle tissue Mitochondria in a skin cell would be smaller and have fewer and shorter cristae as they are not as metabolically active as heart muscle cells
Explain the following terms: proton motive force, oxidoreductase enzyme The force generated by the flow of protons through ATP synthase channels down their concentration gradient. Enzyme that catalyses a reduction reaction that is coupled with an oxidation reaction
It has been suggested that mitochondria are derived from prokaryotes. What features of their structure support this suggestion? Their size, which is similar to bacteria, and they have circular DNA