Heat All matter has heat even an ice cube. As more heat is added to the ice the molecules will move faster and eventually spread far enough apart to become a liquid.

Heat on the move  Heat moves from a warmer substance to a cooler substance.

Temperature  Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.  As the particles move faster and their average kinetic energy becomes greater the temperature rises.

Heat and Temp not the same  Heat is the total kinetic energy of all the particles in the sample.  Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles in a sample.

Heat is measured in a unit called calorie. A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree celsius.

Thermal Energy Thermal energy is related to the energy of the particles that make up matter.

Thermal Energy  Is the total energy of particles in the material.  This total includes both kinetic and potential energy.  Kinetic refers to motion/vibrations  Potential refers to forces that act within or between the particles.

Thermal Energy  The more mass a material has at the same temperature the more thermal energy it has.

Specific Heat  The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance one kelvin is called its specific heat.  Measured in joules per kilogram per kelvin  J/ (kg x K)

Specific Heat  Temperature does not rise and fall at the same rate for all objects.  The amount of heat required to raise the temperature depends on the chemical makeup of the material.  Different materials need more or less heat to change their temperature by the same amount.

Freezing and boiling point ScaleFreezingPointBoilingPointAbsoluteZero Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin

Absolute Zero The coldest temperature possible. All heat has been removed.

Freezing/ Melting  Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.  Melting point is the point at which a solid changes to a liquid

Boiling Point  Point when liquid changes to a gas.

Boiling and Freezing points Are different for different substances.

Evaporation  This occurs on the surface of a liquid. The atoms of the liquid on the surface gain enough heat energy to escape as a gas.

Boiling  When a liquid boils the bubbles form throughout the liquid and rise out of the liquid.

What is conduction  Conduction is the process of heat transfer.  Transfer of energy through matter in which energy moves from particle to particle.

Conductors and Insulators  Metals are good conductors of heat.  A conductor is a material that allows heat to move through it easily.  Insulators do not conduct heat well.  Examples are wood, plastic, straw and paper.

Convection  Convection is the transfer of energy by the bulk movement of matter in which particles move from place to place in a fluid, carrying the energy with them.

Convection Current  Water boils at the bottom of a heated pot, its particles move faster, and they also move farther apart. As a result heated water becomes less dense. The heated water rises and the surrounding cooler water flows into its place. This flow creates a circular motion called the convection current.

Radiation  Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.  Radiation does not require matter to transfer thermal energy

Solar Radiation  Process by which energy from the sun can be transported.

Sunlight  Made up of infrared – heat  Visible light – what we see  Ultraviolet radiation.  Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to your body.

SPF  Sun Protection Factor is the is how sunscreens are rated. The SPF ratings indicate the amount of protection that a sunscreen will provide.

Sunlight Dangers  Eye disease  Weaken bodies ability to fight some viruses  Skin cancers